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Outlines, Recreations 
and Questions 



(With Answers) 



in the 



History of the 
United States 



for use of 



Teachers 
Normal Schools 



and 



Eighth Grade Pupils 



PUBLISHER 

HOWARD R. MYERS 

ALTOONA. PA. 



OUTLINES, RECREATIONS 
AND QUESTIONS 

(WITH ANSWERS) 

In the History of the United States 

FOR USE OF 

Teachers, Normal Schools and 
Eighth Grade Pupils 



By 

CHARLES MORRIS 



^^r 



HOWARD R. MYERS, Publisher 

ALTOONA, PA. 






Copyright, 1915, by 
Charles Moreis 




wn\j !8 1915 
j)aA416416 



Preface 

The purpose of this handy compendium of 
United States history speaks for itself. It is hoped 
that it will be a useful aid to teachers in their history 
classes. No effort has been taken to make its series 
of topical subjects, questions and answers and other 
details exhaustive, the object being to confine these 
to items of importance, adapted to give students 
a conception of the leading facts in our country's 
history. The questions and answers supplement 
the topical statements, giving more detailed infor- 
mation than could be included in these. The method 
pursued is in consonance with that usually employed 
by experienced teachers in dealing with historical 
subjects, and it is hoped that instructors in general 
will find this work helpful to them in their class 
labors. 



Contents 

PAGE 

Periods in History of the United States 7 

Aboriginal Period 7 

The Northmen in America 8 

Period of Discovery and Exploration 8 

Spanish Discoveries 9 

British and French Explorers 10 

Claims of the Nations 10 

Period of Settlement and Growth 11 

Piirposes of the Colonists 12 

Forms of Colonial Government 13 

Period of Intercolonial Wars 14 

The French and Indian War 15 

Period of Revolution and Independence 16 

Military Events 16 

First Period of Nationality 18 

Second War with Great Britain 20 

Later Events 21 

Period of Civil War and Reconstruction 23 

Period of Development into a World Power.. 25 

Questions in American History 28 

General Topics and Questions 117 

Subjects for Discussion 117 

Subjects for Written Compositions 121 

Words and Phrases to be defined 122 

Place Names and their Historical Significance. . . 124 

Authors, Artists, Inventors, etc 127 

Suggestive Quotations 128 

Suggestive Historical Dates 130 

6 



Periods in History of the United States 

Aboriginal Period, -1492. 
Discovery and Exploration, 1492-1687. 
Settlement and Growth, 1607-1733. 
Intercolonial Wars, 1689-1763. 
Revolution and Independence, 1763-1783. 
First Period of Nationality, 1783-1860. 
Civil War and Reconstruction, 1860-1876. 
Development into a World Power, 1876 to 
Present Time. 



Aboriginal Period 

Topics to be taught 

Personal Characteristics of the American Natives. 

Dwellings, Food and Occupations. 

Implements and Weapons. 

Government, Language and Religion. 

Skill in Woodcraft. 

Ferocity in Warfare. 

Distinction into Savage and Barbarian Tribes. 

The Mound Builders and their Works. 

The Pueblo Indians and Cliff Dwellers. 

Origin of the name Indian. 



The Northmen in America 

The Vikings or Sea Rovers of Scandinavia. 

Iceland discovered by them about A. D. 850. 

They discover and settle in Greenland, 986. 

{Biarne Harjulfson, sailing to Greenland, is driven 
from his route by storm and sees a new land.) 

Lief Erickson explores this land, 1000. 

{He names it Vineland. Its exact locality is not 
known, whether Labrador or New England.) 

A settlement is made; the settlers are driven away 
by hostile natives. 

(The story of these events was written and kept in 
Iceland. It was forgotten in Scandinavia and 
was not known in Southern Europe. Thus the 
American continent lay open to new discovery.) 



Period of Discovery and Exploration 

Ignorance of the earth and its inhabitants in medi- 
eval Europe. 

Trade relations between India and Europe. 

Marco Polo in China and his story, 1279-95. 

The Portuguese begin their voyages of discovery, 
1418. 

They reach the Cape of Good Hope, 1487. 

Hindustan is visited by them, 1497. 

Cabral, a Portuguese captain, driven from his course, 
touches on Brazil, 1500. 

{This incident gave Portugal its claim to Brazil.) 

8 



Spanish Discoveries 

Spain follows Portugal in discovery. 

Columbus discovers America in 1492. 

{The greatest geographical discovery ever made.) 

Balboa discovers the Pacific in 1513. 

Magellan traverses the Pacific and one of his ships 

circuronavigates the earth, 1519-21. 
(These were second in importance only to the achieve- 
ment of Columbus, For the first time the size 
and shape of the earth were learned and what was 
justly called a ''new world'' was discovered.) 
Amerigo Vespucci visits Brazil in 1502 and the new 

continent is named after him. 
Spanish adventurers become very active; Cortez 
conquers Mexico in 1519-20; Pizarro conquers 
Peru in 1532-33. 
(Gold and silver were the lure to these conquests.) 
Many Spaniards explore the territory of the later 

United States in search of treasure. 
Ponce de Leon discovers Florida in 1513. 
Pamfilo de Narvaez traverses the Gulf region m 

1528. 

{Caheza de Vaca, one of his officers, crosses the con- 
tinent to the Pacific.) 

Fernando de Soto discovers the Mississippi in 

1541. 
Francisco de Coronado explores from Mexico to 
the Nebraska region in 1540-42. 



Pedro Menendez founds St. Augustine, Florida, in 
1565; Antonio Espejo founds Santa Fe, New 
Mexico, in 1582. 

(These are the two oldest cities in the United States.) 

British and French Explorers 

John and Sebastian Cabot, sailing from England, 

discover the American continent, 1497-98. 
John Denys, a French fisherman, explores the Gulf 

of St. Lawrence in 1506. 
Jacques Cartier sails up the St. Lawrence to the site 

of Montreal in 1534. 
Marquette and Hennepin traverse the Mississippi, 

1673, 1680; LaSalle descends this river to its 

mouth and founds the province of Louisiana 

in 1682. 
French Huguenots plant colonies in Florida, 1562-64. 
{The settlers are massacred by the Spaniards under 

Menendez.) 
Raleigh plants unsuccessful colonies on Roanoke 

Island, 1584-87; Henry Hudson, in the Dutch 

service, sails up the Hudson River, 1609.) 
(The above, while not all, are the more important 

discoveries.) 

Claims of the Nations 

Spain claimed Florida and held that it extended 
north without limit. This claim was based 
on discovery and exploration. 

10 



France claimed the region from New York to 
Labrador on the Atlantic coast; also the basin 
of the Great Lakes and the valley of the Mis- 
sissippi. These claims were based on the dis- 
coveries of Verrazzano, Cartier, Champlain and 
LaSalle. 

England claimed the region from Florida to Labrador 
and indefinitely westward. This was based on 
the discoveries of the Cabots. 

Holland claimed the country from Cape May to 
Nova Scotia and indefinitely westward. This 
was based on the explorations of Hudson. 

These rival and overlapping claims finally resulted 
in warfare between the colonists. 



Period of Settlement and Growth 

The London and Plymouth Companies are formed, 

1606. 
The Plymouth Company sends settlers to Maine. 

This effort fails, 1607. 
The London Company founds a successful colony on 

James River, Virginia, 1607. 
Dutch trading stations are established on Manhattan 

Island, 1614. 
The Pilgrims settle at Plymouth, Massachusetts, 

1620. 
The Puritans settle on Massachusetts Bay, 1628-30. 

11 



{The Pilgrims and Puritans were religious bodies 
that seceded from the Church of England and 
sought to escape persecution.) 

Roger Williams foimds the colony of Rhode Island, 
1636. 

(He leaves Boston on account of persecution by the 
Puritans.) 

English and Puritan settlements are made in Con- 
necticut, 1633-36. 

Lord Baltimore plants a colony in Maryland, 1634. 

Swedes settle on the Delaware, 1638. 

Settlements are made in North Carolina, 1663. 

First settlement in New Jersey, 1665. 

South Carolina is settled near Charleston, 1670. 

Pennsylvania is settled by the Quakers, 1682. 

Oglethorpe founds a colony in Georgia, 1733. 

Purposes of the Colonists 

The Spanish colonists sought gold and silver, but 
also planted agricultural settlements, using the 
natives as slaves. 

The French and Dutch occupied themselves largely 
in the fur trade. 

The British devoted themselves mainly to agrictilture 
and trade. 

The British colonies were largely settled by emigrants 
seeking escape from religious persecution. This 
was the case with the Pilgrims and Puritans of 
New England, the Rhode Island colonists, the 
Quakers and German refugees of Pennsylvania, 

12 



the Catholics of Maryland, and the French 
Huguenots and Scotch Irish of various settle- 
ments. In Georgia the poor debtors from 
London prisons were settled, also German 
religious refugees and Scotch Highlanders. 

Forms of Colonial Government 

Paternal Government. — A system of autocratic rule 
under which the people had no voice in law- 
making or government. This system existed 
in all the Spanish and French colonies. It 
existed in Virginia until 1619; in New York 
until 1683; in the Carolinas and Georgia until 
ended by resistance of the people. 

Royal Government. — ^This embraced a governor ap- 
pointed by the king and an assembly elected 
by the people. The legislature consisted of 
two bodies, but the upper body was chosen by 
the governor and did not represent the people. 

Proprietary Government. — This was under proprie- 
taries to whom the province had been granted 
by the king and who appointed the governor. 
Otherwise it resembled the government of the 
royal provinces. 

Charter Government. — This was the form established 
in Plymouth, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and 
Connecticut, in which the people elected their 
governors and legislatures and enjoyed almost 
complete political liberty. 

13 



Religious Restraints. — Those were very strict and 
severe in Massachusetts, in which the Puritan 
Church controlled the government, only church 
members being allowed to vote or hold office; 
also in Virginia, in which the Church of England 
was dominant, and New Amsterdam, where the 
Dutch Protestants were in control. There was 
no religious persecution or supremacy elsewhere, 
except for a period in Maryland. Great religious 
freedom existed in Rhode Island and Pennsyl- 
vania and much toleration in several other 
colonies. 



Period of Intercolonial Wars 

Wars in Europe between England, France and Spain 
led at various periods to hostilities between 
their respective colonists. 

The first of these, known as King William's War, 
lasted from 1689 to 1697. Towns in New York 
and New England were destroyed by the French 
and Indians. The Iroquois Indians attacked 
Montreal and were severely punished by the 
French. Acadia was conquered by the English, 
but was restored to France after the war. 

Queen Anne's War, 1702-1713, led to similar results. 
Acadia was again conquered and was now 
retained. Spain took part, St. Augustine was 
taken and plundered by the British and Charles- 
ton was attacked by the French and Spanish. 

14 



War with Spain in 1739-43 led to attacks upon St. 
Augustine and an invasion of Georgia by the 
Spanish. War between England and France 
in 1741-48 led to no permanent results. The 
only effect of all these wars was the possession 
by the British of Acadia (Nova Scotia). 

The French and Indian War (1754-63) 

This war arose from hostile relations between the 
French and English colonists, beginning in a 
struggle for the Ohio country. 

Success remained with the French until 1758, with 
the British after that date; the war ending 
in the capture of Quebec and surrender of 
Montreal. 

Its most interesting events were the defeat of 
Braddock's army by the French and Indians 
in 1755 ; the expulsion from their country of the 
Acadians (as enemies or spies); defeats of the 
British at Forts William Henry and Ticonder- 
oga, and the notable exploit of General Wolfe 
at Quebec. 

{As a result France ceded all its possessions on the 
North American continent to England, which 
gained enormously in territory.) 



15 



Period of Revolution and Independence 

The period between 1760 and 1775 was one of 
growing discontent in the British Colonies. 

James Otis declared in 1761 that "Taxation without 
Representation is Tyranny." 

Arbitrary measures of the King and his ministers 
led to great indignation. 

The colonists had hitherto voted their own taxes 
and now refused to pay those levied upon them 
without their consent. These were the taxes 
on stamps and tea, which they declined to use. 
A cargo of tea was thrown overboard at Boston ; 
the port was closed; hostilities arose between 
the soldiers and citizens; an attempt in 1775 
by the soldiers to destroy military stores at 
Concord led to hostilities, and war began. 

A Continental Congress met at Philadelphia in 
1774; a second in 1775, which sustained the 
rebellion and in 1776 issued a Declaration of 
Independence. 

Military Events 

The chief events of the Revolutionary War in the 
North were the siege of Boston by the colonists ; 
the appointment of George Washington as 
commander-in-chief; the evacuation of Boston 
and capture of New York by the British in 
1776; an important victory by Washington 
at Trenton in December, 1776; the invasion of 

16 



Pennsylvania and capture of Philadelphia by 
the British in 1777; the invasion of New York 
from Canada by Burgoyne in 1777, with his 
defeat and surrender; an alliance with France 
in 1778, and the retreat of the British from 
Philadelphia to New York. 

Other notable events in the North were the sufferings 
of Washington's army at Valley Forge in the 
winter of 1777-78; the massacre of Wyoming 
by the Indians; the capture of Stony Point by 
General Wayne in 1779, and the act of treason 
by General Benedict Arnold in 1780. 

Another event of note was the brilliant naval victory 
of Paul Jones in 1779. 

War in the South included the capture of Savannah 
by the British in 1778; the defeat of General 
Lincoln's army in 1779; the capture of Charles- 
ton and defeat of General Gates by the British 
in 1780; the enterprise of Marion and other 
patriot leaders; the successful campaign of 
General Greene in 1781, and the famous march 
of Washington's army and capture of York- 
town, with the army of Cornwallis, in 1781. 

A treaty of peace, acknowledging the independence 
of the United States, was signed September 3, 
1783. 

(The new nation thus founded extended from the 
Atlantic to the Mississippi and from Canada to 
Florida. It did not reach the Gulf, as Florida 
then extended by a coastal strip to the Mississippi.) 

2 17 



First Period of Nationality 

The "Articles of Confederation," under which the 
Union of the States existed during the war, 
proved unfitted for times of peace. There was 
no head of the government and Congress was 
given little power. It could not lay taxes, 
collect duties, enlist soldiers, regulate trade, or 
enforce treaties. It had to depend upon the 
States for money, and obtained little, the people 
being poor and the country deeply in debt. 

Washington and the other leaders saw that the 
Union could not be sustained under such condi- 
tions. It must either dissolve or a strong 
central government be formed. This led in 
1787 to a convention for a revision of the Articles 
of Confederation. 

The result was the formation of a new Constitution, 
which was adopted September 17, 1787, and 
under which, with occasional amendments, the 
coimtry has since remained. 

(The Constitution established a threefold division of 
the government, with executive, legislative and judi- 
cial sections, with full power to control the Union 
in its general affairs, and sole power in dealing 
with foreign nations.) 

Washington was unanimously elected as first Presi- 
dent of the Federal Republic and the first 
Congress under the Constitution met on March 
4, 1789. 

18 



{The most notable event of the first administration was 
the admirable system of finance organized by 
Alexander Hamilton, which enabled the country 
to pay its debts, and put it on a sound financial 
basis.) 

The most important events of the early nineteenth 
century had to do with the foreign relations of 
the Union. The long-continued hostiHties 
between France and Great Britain during 
Napoleon's career led to intolerable assaults on 
American shipping. Many merchant ships 
were seized, and many American citizens were 
taken from them by British war vessels on the 
plea that they were British subjects. 

Assaults on American commerce by French priva- 
teers led to a short naval war with France in 
1799. To punish England for her acts of 
insult and affront, an Embargo Act was passed 
by Congress, prohibiting all foreign trade. This 
proved so injurious to American interests that 
it was repealed in 1809, and a Non- Intercourse 
Act took its place. The latter permitted com- 
merce with all nations except France and Great 
Britain. Little advantage resulted from these 
acts. 

One of the most important events of the period was 
the purchase from France of the Louisiana 
territory in 1803. 

(This region, long held by Spain, had been taken 
possession of by France. It extended from the 

19 



Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains and 

added greatly to the domain of the United States. 
The price paid was $ij,ooo,ooo.) 
Hostility of feeling against England and France 

for their acts of injury grew rapidly during this 

period. 
(The feeling against England was the strongest, as 

imprisonment of American seamen and seizure 

of merchant vessels on slight pretexts had continued 

for years.) 

Second War with Great Britain 

As a result of her injurious acts war was declared 
against Great Britain in June 18, 1812. 

The war thus inaugurated led on land to defeats of 
the United States, with few victories. Efforts 
to invade Canada met with no success, and in 
1814 Washington, the American capital, was 
captured and its public buildings were burned. 

In the naval part of the war a different state of 
affairs existed. The Americans were highly 
successful, winning many *bcean battles and 
others on Lake Erie and Lake Champlain. 
There were only two defeats. 

A treaty of peace was signed December 24, 1814, 
but before news of this had crossed the ocean, 
General Jackson defeated a strong British army 
at New Orleans in the most signal battle of the 
war, 

20 



Later Events 

In the presidential election of 1820 a remarkable 
event took place. Of the two parties, the 
Democratic and the Federal, the latter had 
disappeared and for the first time no party 
division existed. Monroe would have had the 
entire electoral vote but that one elector voted 
against him, declaring that Washington should 
have no rival in this honor. 

(The presidential campaign of 1824 was also a personal 
one, there being only one well-defined party and 
no national issue.) 

The Missouri Compromise of 1820, while admitting 
Missouri as a slave state, prohibited any other 
slave territory north of 36° 30'. It dealt with 
the first stage of the slaveholding controversy. 

The Monroe Doctrine, 1823, declared that the United 
States would not permit the occupation of 
American territory by any foreign power, a 
declaration of much later significance. 

The Erie Canal, begun in 1817, was finished in 1825. 
It was of very great benefit to New York City 
as a seaport. 

The temperance cause became very active in 1826; 
a tariff bill, with high protective rates, was 
passed in 1828. 

President Jackson, elected in 1828, introduced the 
system of ''rotation in office," know^n subse- 
quently as the "spoils system," and of long 
continuance. 

21 



The protective tariff caused strong opposition in the 
South, and South Carolina declared it null and 
void in that State, threatening secession. Presi- 
dent Jackson sent military and naval forces 
to Charleston in 1832 and obliged the State to 
submit. 

Jackson vetoed the bill to renew the charter of the 
United States Bank. A great financial panic 
soon followed. 

Texas, which had gained freedom from Mexico, was 
admitted to the American Union as a State in 
1845. War with Mexico resulted in conse- 
quence. As a result New Mexico and California 
were occupied. Vera Cruz was taken, and 
Mexico City was occupied in 1837, peace being 
made in 1848. 

{The treaty ceded New Mexico and Calif crania to the 
United States; a sum amounting to $i8,joo,ooo 
being given to Mexico in return.) 

Florida had been purchased from Spain in 1819, and 
the United States obtained the Oregon country 
in 1846. These, with the Gadsden Purchase of 
1853, completed the continental territorial 
growth of the country, with the exception of 
Alaska, later obtained. 

The Anti-Slavery movement, which became active 
about 1830, had grown greatly in strength by 
1850, when the Compromise, or ''Omnibus," 
bill was passed. One feature of this was a 

22 



stringent fugitive slave law, which was strongly 
opposed in the North. 

The Kansas-Nebraska bill of 1854, which opened 
Kansas and Nebraska to slavery at option of 
their people, led to warlike conditions between 
the two factions in Kansas. 

The John Brown raid of 1859 added to the tension 
between the slavery and anti-slavery parties. 

The Republican party, organized in 1856, was suc- 
cessful in electing its candidate, Abraham 
Lincoln, in 1860. 

The result of these various events, and especially 
the Republican victory, was a secession of all 
the far Southern States from the Union. An 
attack upon and capture of Fort Sumter in 
Charleston harbor followed, and war began 
between North and South, other States seceding. 



Period of Civil War and Reconstruction 

In the East the Confederate army, under General 
Lee, was remarkably successful until the battle 
of Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863, when it met with 
a disastrous defeat. 

An Emancipation proclamation was declared by 
President Lincoln, September 22, 1862, after 
the Federal success at Antietam. It was 
put into effect on January 1, 1863, all slaves 
in territory under Confederate control being 
declared free from that date. 

23 



In the West the Federal armies were successful; 
penetrating far southward; capturing New 
Orleans April 25, 1862; taking Vicksburg July 
4, 1863, and opening the Mississippi July 9. 

Grant was made commander-in-chief in 1864 and 
began a vigorous campaign against Lee, fighting 
a series of drawn battles and beginning a siege 
of Petersburg, south of Richmond, on June 18. 

Sherman, in command at Chattanooga, advanced on 
and captured Atlanta, September 20; marched 
through Georgia to Savannah, and then turned 
north through the Carolinas. 

The final battles took place near Petersburg, Lee 
was flanked and retreated April 3, 1865, was pur- 
sued to Appomattox, and surrendered April 9. 

President Lincoln was assassinated five days later, 
April 14, 1865. 

Results of war: A National debt of $2,775,000,000; 
value of paper money reduced to 35 per cent of 
par value; the South lost its slave property; 
its paper money became valueless; it was left 
in a state of ruin. 

The deaths in battle and from other causes num- 
bered over half a million. 

The 13th Amendment to the Constitution, ratified 
by the States December 18, 1865, abolished 
slavery throughout the Union. 

The 14th Amendment, ratified in 1868, gave citizen- 
ship to all persons born or naturalized within 
the United States. 

24 



The 15th Amendment, ratified in 1870, gave the 
right of voting to ail citizens, whatever their 
color or previous condition of servitude. 

The acceptance of these amendments by the seced- 
ing States completed the work of reconstruction 
and they were fully restored to the Union, 

Period of Development into a World Power 

Great fire in Chicago, 1871. 

A severe business panic began in 1873 and lasted 

for several years. 
A Centennial World's Fair, commemorating the 

himdredth anniversary of the Declaration of 

Independence, was held in Philadelphia in 1876. 
Specie payments, stopped during and after the war, 

were resumed January 1, 1879. 
President Garfield was assassinated in 1881 by a 

disappointed office seeker. 
The Washington monument, begun in 1848, was 

completed in 1885. 
The Interstate Commerce Commission, since very 

active, was organized in 1887. 
The Pan-American Congress held its first meeting 

at Washington in 1889; later meetings were 

held in Mexico, 1901; Rio de Janeiro, 1906; 

Buenos Ayres, 1911. 
The Columbian Exposition, celebrating the fourth 

centennial of the discovery of America, was held 

at Chicago in 1893. 

25 



American sympathy with the persecuted Cubans 
and the sinking of the ''Maine" in Havana 
harbor, led to war with Spain in 1898. 

The result of the war was the capture by the United 
States of Cuba, Porto Rico, and the PhiHppine 
Islands. 

Cuba was made independent; the others were 
ceded to the United States: Spain being paid 
$20,000,000 for its pubhc property in these 
islands. 

An insurrection in the PhiHppines was quelled in 
1901. 

President McKinley was assassinated by an Anar- 
chist in 1901. 

The first wireless signal was sent across the Atlantic 
in 1902. 

(The first commercial wireless message crossed the 
Atlantic in IQO'/.) 

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held at 
St. Louis in 1904. 

The first successful aeroplane flight was made in 
1904. 

The Panama Canal work was begun by the United 
States in 1904; completed in 1914 

San Francisco was devastated by earthquake and 
fire in 1906. 

Legislation for the suppression or control of oppres- 
sive Trusts begun under President Roosevelt. 

The North Pole was discovered by Robert E. Peary 
in 1909. 

26 



The 16th Amendment to the Constitution, taxing 

incomes, was ratified February 3, 1913. 
The 17th Amendment, providing for the direct 

election of United States Senators, was ratified 

April 18, 1913. 
Woman Suffrage, first adopted in Wyoming in 1869, 

has since been granted in a number of States. 
The Initiative and Referendum principle was adopted 

in Oregon in 1902 ; in several other States later. 
A Commission form of city government was adopted 

in Galveston in 1901. Since then in many other 

cities. 
A World's Fair was held at San Francisco in 1915, 

in honor of the opening of the Panama Canal. 



Questions in American History 

1. When and by whom was America discovered? 

A. First, by the Northmen before 1000 A. D.; 
second, by Christopher Columbus, in Spanish 
service, in 1492. 

2. What purposes were involved in these discoveries? 
A. Maritime adventure by the Northmen ; to find a 

westward route to Asia by Columbus. 

3. What was known of geography in the early fifteenth 

century? 
A. Little was known beyond the borders of Europe, 
Southwestern Asia, and Northern Africa. 
Marco Polo had described China and neigh- 
boring coimtries; trade relations existed 
with India; nothing was known of America 
and almost nothing of Central and Southern 
Africa. 

4. What was thought to he the shape of the earth? 

A. It was generally held to be a fiat expanse. Only 
learned geographers believed it to be round. 

5. What important discovery aided navigation in this 



A. That of the magnetic compass. This always 
pointing north and south, enabled navigators 
to learn what direction they were pursuing. 

28 



6. By what nation was the coast of Africa explored 

and an eastward ocean route to India dis- 
covered? 
A. Portugal. 

7. Who first undertook to prove the roundness of the 

earth by sailing westward? 
A. Christopher Columbus, an adventurous native 
of Genoa, Italy, who sailed in the service of 
Spain. 

8. How many voyages were made by Columbus and 

with what results? 
A. Four. In the first and second he discovered the 
Bahamas and a number of the West India 
Islands; in the third the continent of South 
America, at the mouth of the Orinoco; in 
the fourth the coast of Honduras. 

9. Why were these islands named the West Indies 

and their inhabitants Indians? 
A. From the belief of Columbus that he had reached 
the Asiatic country of India. 

10. Who were the first, after the Northmen, to reach the 

coast of North America? 
A. John and Sebastian Cabot, in 1497 and 1498. 

11. What region did they reach? 

A. In 1497 the coast of Canada or Cape Breton 
Island; in 1498 that of the United States to 
Cape Hatteras or possibly farther south. 

12. On what did Portugal base its claim to Brazil? 

A. On the voyage of Cabral, a Portuguese captain, 
whose ship, on a voyage to the East Indies 

29 



in 1500, was blown to the Brazilian coast by 
a storm. 

13. What is meant by the Line of Demarcation^^ 

A. It was a line drawn on the map by Pope Alexander 
VI to separate the lands claimed by Spain 
and Portugal. The meridian line drawn 
gave the eastern section of Brazil to Portugal, 
and all west of that line to Spain. The 
line lay 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde 
Islands, and crossed the eastern part of 
Brazil. 

14. By whom was it proved that America is a separate 

continent? 
A. First by Balboa, a Spanish adventurer, who 
discovered the South Sea (the Pacific Ocean) 
from the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 ; second 
by Magellan, a Portuguese captain in the 
Spanish service, who sailed across the 
Pacific to the Asiatic coast in 1519. 

15. Why was the new continent named America, 

instead of being called Columbia, in honor oj 
its discoverer? 
A. Amerigo Vespucci, a Portuguese explorer, ex- 
plored the coast of Brazil in 1501. His 
interesting account of this voyage led to the 
coast traversed being called America, after 
his name. This title was gradually extended 
to the entire continent. 

16. Magellan discovered a southwest passage to Asia; 

has a northwest one ever been discovered? 

30 



A. One was sought by Frobisher in 1576, by Davis 
in 1585, and by many since, but none was 
discovered until 1851, by McClure. It was 
first traversed in a ship by Amundsen in 
1906. 

17. What were the characteristics of the natives of 

America? 
A. In color they were of a copperish hue; savage or 
barbarous in habits; cruel in warfare; 
lived largely by hunting; had a few simple 
industries; dwelt in huts made of poles and 
skins ; were skillful woodsmen ; had few tools 
and weapons and crude ideas of government. 

18. What is meant by Mound Builders? 

A. Large earth mounds exist built by the Indians. 
They were formerly thought the work of a 
more civilized race, but now are believed to 
have been built by ancestors of the present 
Indians. 

19. Were all Indians of the same grade of development? 

A. No. Those of the GulE States were more ad- 
vanced in habits and industries than those 
of the north, and these more so than those 
of the far west. 

20. What is meant by Pueblo Indians and Clijff 

Dwellers? 
A. Many of the Indians of New Mexico and Arizona 
dwell in commimal houses built of stone or 
adobe, large enough to hold a whole tribe. 
These are called '^ pueblos." The Cliff 

31 



Dwellers lived in cavities in the sides of 
steep hills, with walls of stone to make them 
habitable. This location afforded them 
protection from their enemies. 

21. Which nations oj Europe took part in the discozery 

of America? 
A. The Spaniards, English, Portuguese, French and 
Dutch. 

22. Which took part in the early settlement? 
A. Those named, also Germans and Swedes. 

23. On what discovery did each nation base its claim 

to regions of America? 
A. Spain on the discovery by Columbus; Portugal 
on that of Cabral ; England on that of the 
Cabots; France on those of Denys, Verraz- 
zano, Cartier and others; Holland on that 
of Hudson. 

24. Who first landed on United States soil? 

A. So far as we know Ponce de Leon, at Florida, 
in 1513, was the first. 

25. What was his purpose? 

A. To find the fabled Fountain of Youth. 

26. What other Spanish explorers traversed United 

States soil? 
A. De Narvaez, De Vaca, De Soto, Coronado, and 
Espejo. 

27. Who made the first settlement? 

A. Vasquez De Ayllon, in 1526, probably on the 
James River, Virginia. It failed through 
sickness and Indian hostility. 

32 



28. What other Spaniards made settlements in United 

States territory? 
A. Pedro Menendez, at St. Augustine, Florida, in 
1565, and Antonio Espejo, at Santa Fe, 
New Mexico, in 1582. 

29. What was the purpose of Menendez? 

A. To drive out the French Huguenots who had 
settled in Florida. He succeeded by captur- 
ing and killing them. 

30. Who made the first successful French settlement? 
A. Poutrincourt, at Port Royal (now Annapolis), 

Nova Scotia, in 1604. 

31. Where and by whom was the first battle fought with 

the northern Indians? 
A. On Lake Champlain, by Samuel de Champlain, 
in 1609. 

32. Who was the greatest of the French explorers? 

A. Robert de la Salle, who discovered the Ohio in 
1669, traversed the Great Lakes in a vessel 
in 1679, went in a canoe down the Mississippi 
to its mouth in 1682, and secured the great 
province of Louisiana for France. 

33. What Englishmen were unsuccessful in seeking to 

make settlements? 
A. Sir Humphrey Gilbert, in Newfoundland, 1579 
and 1583; Sir Walter Raleigh, on Roanoke 
Island, North Carolina, 1584-87; Barthol- 
omew Gosnold, at Cape Cod, 1602; Sir 
George Popham, in Maine, 1607 

3 33 



34. What induced many French sailors to seek 
America? 

A. The story told by the Cabots of the great abun- 
dance of codfish seen by them brought many 
fishermen from Brittany and Normandy. 



Period of Settlement and Growth 

35. When and where was the first successful English 

settlement made? 
A. At Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. 

36. Why did Raleigh's and Popham's settlements 

prove failures? 
A. The first on account of Indian hostility, the 
second from inclement winter weather. 

37. Who saved the Jamestown settlement from failure? 
A. Captain John Smith, who forced the colonists 

to work and made friends of the Indians. 

38. What was the chief purpose of the Spanish in 

coming to America? 
A. To seek for gold and silver. 

39. What of the French and Dutch? 
A. To obtain furs from the Indians. 

40. What of the English? 

A. To cultivate the ground and engage in trade and 
manufacture. 

41. How did the Spanish settlers treat the Indians? 
A. With shameful cruelty. 

34 



42. How did the French and English treat themf 

A. The French made friends of them. The same 
was the case with some of the EngHsh. 
Others were unjust to them and aroused 
their enmity. 

43. Where was the second successful English settle- 

ment made? 
A. At Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620. It was 
followed by others at Salem in 1628 and 
Boston in 1630. 

44. How did the New England and Virginia settlements 

differ? 
A. New England was settled by persons who sought 
a home free from religious persecution; 
Virginia by *' gentlemen," as they called 
themselves, who sought for gold and despised 
farm labor. 

45. How did the English colonial governments differ 

from the Spanish and French? 
A. The latter were under governors chosen by the 
kings and had no voice in law making. 
The English established representative gov- 
ernment and in New England chose their 
own governors. 

46. To whom was the Dutch settlement on Manhattan 

Island due and how was it governed? 
A. It was due to Henry Hudson, who discovered 
the Hudson River in 1609. It was governed 
under a system like that of the Spanish and 
French. 

35 



47. When and where were the Swedish settlements 

made? 
A. On the west side of the Delaware River in 1638. 

48. What became oj these settlements? 

A. They were captured by the Dutch in 1655 and 
their sites occupied by the English in 1665, 
but the Swedes were not disturbed as settlers. 

49. Why was Massachusetts settled more rapidly than 

the other colonic sf 
A. On account of political disturbances and reli- 
gious persecution in England. 

50. Why did Roger Williams leave their settlement? 
A. On account of religious persecution on the part 

of the Puritans. 

51. What ideas then prevailed in Europe about 

religious liberty? 
A. Every country had its State church, or system of 
rehgion, supported by the government, and 
those who held other religious beliefs were 
often persecuted. 

52. By whom was full religious liberty first granted? 
A. By Lord Baltimore in Maryland in 1634, Roger 

Williams in Rhode Island in 1636, and 
William Penn in Pennsylvania, in 1682. 

53. What ideas about religious liberty now prevail? 

A. State church establishments still exist in England 
and other coimtries, but persecution on 
account of religious belief has generally 
disappeared. No such system exists in the 
United States. 

ze 



54. Why had Rhode Island and Connecticut each two 

capitals until recently? 
A. Because in each there were originally two 
settlements, each with its capital. The 
capitals were retained after the colonies 
joined. 

55. What colonies were founded under proprietary 

government? 
A. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, the Caro- 
linas and Georgia. Maine, New Hampshire 
and Virginia had such governments for short 
periods. Delaware was under the pro- 
prietary of Pennsylvania. 

56. What under charter government? 

A. Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. 
William Penn, Lord Baltimore and the Lon- 
don Company were also give charters for 
their colonies. 

57. Which under royal government? 

A. All of them for a period except Pennsylvania; 
New York and Virginia for long periods ; the 
New England colonies for short periods. 

58. Which was the least liberal of the charters? 

A. That of Pennsylvania. Laws passed there had 
to be approved by the king, who also had 
the right to tax the colony, though he never 
did so. This was not the case in New 
England and Maryland. 

59. Why was Massachusetts deprived of its charter? 
A. King James II thought it was given too much 

37 



liberty and wished to bring it under his direct 
control. 

60. What was the character of the new charter given 

Massachusetts by William Illf 
A. It restricted the power of the people and made 
the colony effectively a royal one. It 
combined into one the Plymouth and Mas- 
sachusetts colonies. 

61. Why was the charter of Connecticut hid in ''Charter 

Oak''? 
A. To prevent Governor Andros from seizing it on 
the king's order. 

62. Why is the title ''New^* added to so many names 

in America? 
A. To indicate the countries from which their 
settlers came, as New England; the pro- 
prietor of the settlement, as New York, and 
for other reasons. 

63. Why did Manhattan Island sell for so small a 

price as twenty-four dollars in 1626? 
A. Because the Indians considered it of little value 
and also did not know the small worth of 
the trinkets given for it. 

64. How do American cities compare in age with those 

of Europe? 

65. The oldest of them is little more than three 

hundred years old, while there are cities in 
Europe more than two thousand years old. 

66. What large cities were there in Colonial times? 

A. None that would now be called large. Phila- 

38 



delphia, with less than 40,000 population, 
was the largest. New York came next and 
Boston third. 

67. By what class of people was Georgia settled? 

A. By debtors taken from English prisons. Settlers 
of other origin soon followed. 

68. By whom was Florida settled? 

A. First by Huguenots from France. Afterwards 
by Spaniards, who held it until 1819. 

69. Did any others besides British settle in the United 

States region? 
A. Yes, Dutch on the Hudson, Swedes on the 
Delaware, French along the Mississippi and 
on the Gulf coast, Spanish in Florida and 
New Mexico. 

70. What was the extent of New France? 

A. It included the country north of the St. Lawrence 
River and the Great Lakes, parts of the 
region south of the lakes, the country 
bordering the Mississippi and the settle- 
ments of Biloxi, Mobile and others in the 
Gulf coast region. The Ohio country was 
afterwards claimed. 

71. How did the settlers of the northern differ from those 

of the southern colonies? 
A. The northern settlers came from the working 
people of England and Europe ; many of the 
southern settlers largely from the cavalier 
or the titled class. With these, however, 
were numbers of mechanics and tradesmen. 

39 



72. Who were the ''Apprentices'! 

A. Criminals and vagrants, also kidnapped persons 
and some who entered this class to get to the 
New World. They were hired out to settlers 
to work for a term of years and were often 
treated like slaves. 

73. What became of the Apprentices after their service 

ended? 
A. Some became planters, some himters and trappers, 
some troublesome vagabonds. 

74. What other class of people were sent to America? 
A. Young women were sent to Virginia to become 

wives of the colonists. The cost of sending 
these was paid by the planters who married 
them, the price being from 100 to 150 pounds 
of tobacco. 

75. When was negro slavery introduced? 

A. In 1619, when a Dutch vessel brought twenty 
negroes to Jamestown and sold them as 
laborers to the planters. 

76. How long did the system of apprenticeship last? 
A. Until about 1700, by which time there were 

enough negroes for the needs of the planters. 

77. What political rights had the first settlers in 

Virginia? 
A. None at all. A council and governor chosen by 
the London Company made all the laws. 

78. Where else did this lack of political rights exist? 

A. For a time in New York, the Carolinas and Geor- 
gia. It existed throughout the Spanish and 
French settlements. 

40 



79. When and where was representative government 

first introduced into America? 
A. In Virginia, where the people were permitted in 
1619 to elect a representative assembly. 

80. Where else did the people in time obtain representa- 

tive govermnentf 
A. In New York, the Carolinas and Georgia. 

81. What colonies began with representative govern- 

ment? 

A. Plymouth, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- 
necticut, Pennsylvania and Maryland. 

.82. Which colony founded its own government? 

A. Plymouth, under a form of government decided 
upon in the cabin of the ^^ Mayflower." 

S3. Which colony had the first constitution? 

A. Virginia, which was given a written constitution 
by the London Company in 1621. 

84. Which colony wrote a constitution for itself? 

A. New Haven, one of the two Connecticut colonies, 
in 1639. This was the first constitution 
known in history made by a people for its 
own government. 

Early History of the Colonies. 

85. Who was the leading person in Virginian 
history? 

A. Captain John Smith. 

86. What is said of him? 

A. He tells his own story, and may have exaggerated 
his exploits, but seems to have been a capable 

41 



and resourceful man. He was an active 
explorer, established friendship with the 
Indians, forced the settlers to work and had 
an effective way of breaking up profanity, 
had comfortable houses built and cornfields 
planted. When an accident obliged him to 
leave Virginia the people quit work and 
w^ere soon in a starving state. 

87. How was the colony saved? 

A. By the arrival of supply ships under Lord 
Delaware, a new governor, just as the 
colonists were about to abandon Jamestown. 

88. What system of industry at first prevailed in 

Virginia? 
A. A system of communism, in which all things 
belonged to the community and all products 
were kept in a public storehouse. This 
system encouraged idleness and a new gov- 
ernor changed it by giving every settler a 
tract of land on which he could work for 
himself. This soon changed laziness to 
industry. 

89. What special product brought prosperity to 

Virginia? 
A. Tobacco, for which an active demand arose in 
England. 

90. Who was Pocahontas? 

A. The daughter of Powhatan, an Indian chief, 
who is said to have saved Captain Smith's 
life when the Indians were about to kill 

42 



him. She afterwards married John Rolfe, 
the first tobacco planter. 

91. What led to an Indian massacre? 

A. The death of Powhatan, who was a friend of the 
whites. His brother, who hated the whites, 
laid a plot to kill them all and many were 
slain. 

92. What was the result of this? 

A. The settlers rose against the Indians, burnt their 
villages, and killed great numbers of them. 

93. What other Indian outbreaks took place? 

A. One in 1644, in which five hundred whites were 
slain. Another in 1676, in which the savages 
attacked the frontier settlements and were 
severely punished. 

94. What was the result of this last outbreak? 

A. Governor Berkeley, who had oppressed the 
people, would not call out a military force 
for fear it might act against him. Nathaniel 
Bacon, a young planter, raised a force and 
fought the Indians. The governor pro- 
claimed him a traitor. On Bacon's return 
from fighting the Indians he proceeded 
against the tyrant, drove him out of James- 
town and, to prevent Berkeley using it as 
a stronghold, burned it to the ground. It 
was never rebuilt. 

95. What was the end of ''Bacon's rebellion''? 

A. He took sick and died and Berkeley, regaining 
power, hung more than twenty of his princi- 

43 



pal followers. King Charles II recalled 
Berkeley and reprimanded him so severely 
that he died of a broken heart. 

96. What did Berkeley think about education? 

A. He thanked God that Virginia had no public 
schools and no printing press. 

97. Who gave New England its name? 

A. John Smith, who explored and mapped its coast 
in 1614. 

98. Who were the Pilgrims? 

A. A body of "Separatists" who left the Church of 
England and in 1608 fled to Holland to 
escape persecution. 

99. What did the Pilgrims afterward do? 

A. They left Holland in 1620 and set sail for America 
in a vessel named the '^Mayflower." They 
gave themselves the name of Pilgrims. 

100. Where did they settle? 

A. On the coast of Massachusetts, at a place on the 
shore of Cape Cod Bay which Captain 
Smith had named Plymouth on his map. 

101. What military leader came with them? 

A. Captain Miles Standish, a valiant soldier, who 
helped them in dealing with hostile Indians. 

102. What other religious colony settled in New 

England? 
A. One made up of Puritans, who had also with- 
drawn from the Church of England. 

103. Where did the Puritans settle? 

A. The first party at Salem, in 1628. Others came 

44 



in 1629, bringing a charter with them. 
Boston was settled in 1630 and emigration 
soon became active. 

104. What was the character of the Puritans? 

A. They were stern and. bigoted and did not believe 
in freedom of worship. 

105. How did they act towards those of different 

beliefs? 
A. Drove them from their settlement. Among 
those thus treated were Roger Williams and 
Anne Hutchinson, both of whom held liberal 
religious views. 

106. How did they act towards the Quakers who sought 

their colony? 
A. Burned their books, fined and flogged them, 
branded them as heretics, put them in jail, 
and finally hung four of them. 

107. How did this persecution end? 

A. In an order from King Charles II that such 
punishments must cease. After that the 
trouble died away. 

108. What led to the outbreak called **King Philip's 

War''? 
A. Ill treatment of Philip, chief of the Wampanoag 
Indians. 

109. Describe the war. 

A. It began in June, 1675, and continued for more 
than a year, with severe fighting and much 
bloodshed and cruelty. The Narragansett 
Indians, who were about to join Philip, were 

45 



severely punished, many of them being sold 
into slavery. In the summer of 1676 Philip 
was killed and the war came to an end. 

110. What Indian war preceded this? 

A. One with the Pequots, a warlike tribe of Con- 
necticut. 

HI. How did this end? 

A. After many settlers had been killed the Pequot 
stronghold was attacked and set on fire. 
Few Indians escaped, and the remainder of 
the tribe were pursued and nearly all 
slain. 

112. What is meant by the Salem witchcraft? 

A. A delusion in which many people of Salem were 
believed to be witches. Before it ended 
twenty of these had been put to death. 

113. Who were the proprietaries of Maine and New 

Hampshire? 
A. Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason. 

114. What became of Maine? 

A. The heirs of Gorges sold it to Massachusetts in 
1652. 

115. What is the story of New Hampshire? 

A. Four towns were settled, and were annexed by 
Massachusetts in 1641. The colony was 
made a royal province in 1679. 

116. Who settled Rhode Island? 

A. Roger Williams founded Providence in 1636, 
and in 1644 this and adjoining settlements 
were named Providence Plantations. Anne 

46 



Hutchinson and others founded Portsmouth 
in 1638. These two settlements became 
known in 1662 as ''Rhode Island and 
Providence Plantations . ' ' 

117. What important act was done by Roger Williams? 
A. He established complete freedom of belief; not 

only to Christians but to people of any 
religious faith. 

118. What can be said about the charter of Rhode 

Island? 
A. Williams obtained a charter from King Charles I 
in 1644, and a new and very liberal one from 
Charles H in 1663. This charter was 
annulled by Governor Andros in 1687. It 
was restored after James II had been driven 
from the throne. 

119. What settlements were made in Connecticut? 

A. The Dutch built a fort on the Connecticut 
River in 1633 and emigrants from Plym- 
outh settled on the site of Windsor. 
Saybrooke was settled in 1635, Hartford 
in 1636, and New Haven in 1638. These 
became separate colonies, one called Con- 
necticut, the other New Haven. 

120. How did the history of these two colonies end? 

A. They were joined into one, known as Con- 
necticut, by the charter of 1662. This had 
two capitals, Hartford and New Haven, 
until 1873. Since this date Hartford has 
been the sole capital. 

47 



121. What other double colony had two capitals? 

A. Rhode Island. Providence and Newport were its 
capitals until 1900, when Providence became 
the sole capital. 

122. When was the first confederacy oj colonies formed? 

A. In 1643, when Plymouth, Massachusetts, Con- 
necticut and New Haven joined for defense 
against the Dutch and Indians. 

123. By what name were they known? 

A. *'The United Colonies of New England.** 

124. Why was not Rhode Island included? 
A. On account of religious differences. 

125. What is said about the suffrage? 

A. In Massachusetts and New Haven only church 
members had the right to vote. In Con- 
necticut and Rhode Island all freemen 
could vote. In 1692 William III gave all 
citizens in New England the right to preach, 
vote and hold office. 

126. Who were the settlers of New York, and what 

name did it first bear? 
A. The Dutch. They named it New Amsterdam. 

127. What did they call the country claimed by 

them? 
A. New Netherland. 

128. What was their purpose in coming to America? 
A. To trade for furs with the Indians. 

129. When and where was their first regular colony 

founded? 
A. In 1623, on Manhattan Island. 

48 



130. How did the Dutch deal with the Indians? 

A. They bought from them all the land they needed, 
paying for it with cloth, beads, buttons and 
other cheap trinkets. 

131. To what company was New Netherland granted? 
A. The West India Company, a Dutch trading 

corporation. 

132. What steps did they take to settle it? 

A. Any man who could bring out fifty settlers was 
offered a tract of land on the Hudson sixteen 
miles wide and running far back into the 
country. If on both sides of the river its 
width was eight miles. 

133. What were these great landholders called and how 

did they live? 
A. They were called ''Patroons." They were 
required to pay the Indians for their land. 
They lived like absolute lords, the people 
on their estates being given no political 
rights. 

134. Which was the greatest of these estates? 

A. That held by a man named Van Rensselaer. 
This extended for twenty-four miles on 
each side of the Hudson and twice that 
distance back. 

135. What else may be said about these great landed 

estates? 
A. Settlers on them had to pay an annual rent in 
produce. This continued until 1840, when 
many of the farmers refused to pay rent. 

4 49 



These were known as "Anti-Renters." 
Fights and other troubles followed. In the 
end the tenants bought the rights of the 
heirs of the Patroons and the difficulty 
ended. 

136. What led to an Indian war? 

A. Ill treatment of the Indians by one of the Dutch 
governors. It lasted from 1643 to 1645 
and the colony was nearly ruined. 

137. How did the Dutch deal with the Iroquois, the 

great Indian confederacy of New Nether land? 
A. They treated them well and kept their friendship. 
The Iroquois traded furs for guns, with 
which they fought their enemies, the French 
of Canada. 

138. Who was the last Dutch governor and how did he 

treat the people? 
A. Peter Stuyvesant. He was a stern old one- 
legged veteran, who refused the people the 
right to vote and to have religious freedom. 

139. How and when did the Dutch rule end? 

A. In 1664 an English fleet appeared in the harbor 
and demanded the surrender of New Amster- 
dam. Governor Stuyvesant swore he would 
never surrender, but the people, whom he 
had treated harshly, refused to aid him and 
he was forced to yield. 

140. Who had sent this fleet? 

A. The Duke of York, who had been given this land 
by his brother Charles IL Neither had any 

50 



just right to it, but it was taken by force 
and the settlement was named New York, 
after its new owner. 

141. What political rights were given the people? 

A. None imtil 1683, when they were permitted to 
elect an assembly. In 1685, when the Duke 
of York became king, as James II, he took 
away this right and made New York a royal 
province. The right to vote was restored 
after William III became king. 

142. What led to Leisler's Rebellion? 

A. The struggle for power between the aristocratic 
and the popular parties. Jacob Leisler, a 
German merchant, headed the popular 
party, gained control of the city, and for 
two years ruled it in an arbitrary manner. 

143. What was the end of the Leisler rule? 

A. A new governor, named Sloughter, was sent to 
New York and Leisler was arrested and hung 
as a traitor. 

144. How was the right of free speech gained? 

A. A governor named Rip Van Dam arrested a 
newspaper editor for something printed in 
his paper ; but a jury acquitted the prisoner 
and freedom of newspaper comment was 
won. 

145. What is the story of New Jersey? 

A. It was granted by the Duke of York to two of 
his friends. Lord Berkeley and Sir George 
Carteret. It was named in honor of the 

51 



latter, who had been governor of the English 
island of Jersey. Elizabethtown was founded 
in 1665 and Newark in 1666. In 1674 
Berkeley sold his half, the western, to two 
rich Quakers, and in 1677 the heirs of Car- 
teret sold their haK to other Quakers, one of 
them being William Penn. 

146. What was the later history of New Jersey? 

A. It was taken from the proprietors and made a 
royal province, under the governor of New 
York, in 1702. It had its own assembly, and 
in 1738 it was given a governor of its own. 

147. Who were the first to settle on the Delaware River f 
A. A party of Dutch, near Lewes, Delaware. They 

ill-treated the Indians and were killed by 
them. 

148. Who next laid claim to this region? 

A. The King of Sweden. A settlement was made in 
1638 near the site of Wilmington. They 
called the country New Sweden. 

149. Where else did they settle? 

A. At Upland ; now Chester. Their farms extended 
as far as the site of Philadelphia. 

150. What happened to the Swedish settlement? 

A. The region of the Delaware was claimed by the 
Dutch of New York, and they took possession 
of the Swedish settlements in 1655. When 
the Duke of York took New Amsterdam, he 
claimed all the country held by the Dutch, 
including the Delaware region. 

52 



151. What is the story of William Penn? 

A. He was the son of an English admiral, but became 
a Quaker and desired to found a colony in 
America for the persecuted Quakers. To do 
this he joined the Quakers who bought part 
of New Jersey, and in 1681 obtained from 
Charles II a grant of land on the west side 
of the Delaware in payment of a debt which 
the king ow^ed his father, the admiral. 

152. What was the extent of this grant? 

A. It covered two degrees of latitude and five of 
longitude. It included also the country 
afterwards known as Delaware, granted to 
Penn by the Duke of York. 

153. What is meant by the name Pennsylvania? 
A. Penn's woodlands or sylvan realm. 

154. What was Penn's opinion of the real ownership 

of this region? 
A. That it belonged, not to the king, but to the 
Indians. He paid these original owners 
for all he used of it. 

155. When did settlement begin? 

A. In 1681. Immigrants came in numbers in 1682, 
Penn coming with them. 

156. Where was the chief city of Pennsylvania located 

and what was it named? 
A. On a tract of land between the Delaware and 
Schuylkill Rivers. It was named Phila- 
delphia, a word meaning *'city of brotherly 
love." 

53 



157. What were the terms of Penn's ''Great Law''? 

A. Freedom of worship was granted; the death 
penalty was restricted to two crimes, murder 
and treason; prisons were to be used as 
workshops and reformatories; the people 
were to make their own laws, the assembly 
to be presided over by the governor or his 
deputy. 

158. What else did Penn dof 

A. He made a compact or treaty with the Indians 
in which peace and good will were provided 
for. This was not broken while Pennsyl- 
vania continued under Quaker rule. 

159. What other people besides Quakers came? 

A. Many Germans. These settled Germantown 
and other places north and northwest. 
Later came many Scotch-Irish, who settled 
farther west. 

160. What more can be said about Penn? 

A. His province was taken from him in 1692, for 
political reasons, but was soon returned. 
He came again in 1699, and gave the people 
a very liberal constitution. He went to 
England in 1701, fell heavily into debt and 
for some time was imprisoned for debt. He 
died in 1718. 

161. What are the chief points in the story of Delaware? 
A. Its people, who were not Quakers, became 

dissatisfied and withdrew from union with 

54 



Pennsylvania, Penn giving them a lieutenant- 
governor of their own. The union was 
restored by Governor Fletcher of New York 
in 1692, during the time Penn was deprived 
of the province. Penn gave Delaware a 
separate assembly in 1703, but one governor 
ruled over both provinces until after the 
Declaration of Independence in 1776. 

162. What was the purpose of Lord Baltimore in 

settling Maryland? 
A. To provide a refuge for the Catholics of England, 
who were then deprived of civil and religious 
rights. 

163. In what places did he seek to settle? 

A. First in Newfoundland, but found the climate 
too severe. Next in Jamestown, but found 
the people too intolerant. Then he selected 
the coimtry on Chesapeake Bay, north of 
the Potomac River, where he foimd a 
delightful climate and no settlers to trouble 
him. 

164. Where was the first settlement made by Lord 

Baltimore? 
A. At St. Mary's, near the mouth of the Potomac, 
in 1634. 

165. What was the character of his laws? 

A. Full political rights were granted and the colony 
was free to Christians of any system of 
worship. 

55 



166. What crops were planted and what towns settled? 

A. Tobacco and grain brought prosperity. Provi- 
dence — afterwards Annapolis — ^became the 
capital. Baltimore was founded in 1729. 

167. What brought trouble to the Maryland colony? 

A. A dispute with William Clayborne, a fur trader 
in the Chesapeake, and religious discussion 
with the Puritans, many of whom came to 
Maryland. 

168. What was the result of this ill feeling? 

A. Fighting took place, Clayborne and the Puritans 
were victorious, and an assembly was called 
which forbade any Catholic to vote and 
prohibited Catholic worship. 

169. By whom was Lord Baltimore restored to his 

rights? 
A. By Oliver Cromwell. 

170. What happened under William III? 

A. Maryland was made a royal province in 1691, and 
Catholic worship was again forbidden. It 
was not permitted again under English rule. 

171. What happened in I'/ij? 

A. The province was restored to the Lord Baltimore 
of that date, who was a Protestant. 

172. Who was the first to settle on the Carolina coast? 
A. Jean Ribault, a Huguenot, in 1562. He named 

the country Carolina, after Charles IX of 
France. The English afterwards adopted 
this name in honor of Charles II of England. 

56 



173. To whom did Charles II grant this region? 

A. To the Duke of Albemarle, the Earl of Clarendon, 
and six others of his associates. 

174. What settlements were made? 

A. Those of Albemarle in 1663 and Clarendon in 
1665 in the north, and one in 1670 on the 
Ashley River in the south. This was 
removed in 1680 to a new site called Charles- 
town — now Charleston. 

175. Whence came these settlers? 

A. In addition to the English from Virginia and 
elsewhere, were Huguenots from France; 
also Germans, Scotch-Irish, Scotch High- 
landers, and Dutch from New York. 

176. What kind of government was given them? 

A. A highly aristocratic one, called the ** Grand 
Model," which the people bitterly opposed. 

177. What was the result? 

A. A state of turbulence and rebellion which con- 
tinued for more than twenty years; the 
''Grand Model" being abandoned in 1693. 

178. When was Carolina divided into North and 

South Carolina? 
A. In 1729 it was formally divided, the divisions 
being made royal colonies. Before that they 
had been given separate assemblies and 
usually had separate governors. 

179. When did an Indian war break out? 

A. In 1711 the Tuscarora tribe rose and killed 

57 



many people in North Carolina. They went 
to war again in 1712 and were then defeated 
and driven from the country. 

180. What became of the Tuscarorasf 

A. They went north to New York and joined the 
Iroquois, of which Indian family they were 
a branch. These, previously known as the 
''Five Nations," were afterward called the 
"Six Nations." 

181. When and where was Georgia settled? 

A. On the Savannah River, the settlement being 
named Savannah, the settlers being debtors 
taken from English prisons by James 
Oglethorpe, its proprietary. 

182. What classes of people came there besides English 

debtors? 
A. Moravians and Lutherans from Germany and 
Scotch Highlanders. 

183. What industries were established? 

A. Rice and indigo plantations, and silk making. 
Cotton in time was grown and the production 
of silk was abandoned. 

184. What famous preachers came there? 

A. John and Charles Wesley, the founders of 
Methodism, and George Whitefield, an able 
orator. They hoped to Christianize the 
Indians. 

185. When did Georgia become a royal colony? 

A. In 1752, when Oglethorpe surrendered it to the 
crown. 

58 



Period of Intercolonial Wars 

186. What caused hostilities between the English, 

French and Spanish colonists? 
A. Wars in Europe, the effect of which extended to 
America. 

187. By what name is the first of these wars known? 
A. King William's War (1689-1697). 

188. What were its chief events in America? 

A. Attacks were made by French and Indians on 
Schenectady, New York, and Durham, 
New Hampshire, many people being killed. 
Military and naval expeditions were sent 
against Quebec and Montreal, but they 
proved failures. Acadia was taken, but was 
restored after the war. 

189. What was the French plan of operations? 

A. To descend the Hudson and capture New York. 
An attack by the Iroquois Indians on Mon- 
treal caused its failure. 

190. How did the French take revenge on the Indians? 
A. Count Frontenac invaded their country and 

wrought such havoc that they were forced 
to beg for mercy. 

191. When did war again come? 

A. In 1702. It continued until 1713 and became 
known as Queen Anne's War. 

192. What operations were undertaken by the English 

colonists? 
A. An expedition against Quebec was checked by a 
violent storm at sea, but Acadia (Nova 

59 



Scotia) was taken, its capital, Port Royal, 
being named Annapolis, after Queen Anne. 

193. What was done by the French and Indians? 

A. Deerfield and Haverhill, Massachusetts, were 
taken, many of their people being killed or 
made captive. 

194. What took place in the south? 

A. Spain took part in the war, and St. Augustine, 
Florida, was captured and plundered by the 
English in 1702. In 1706 a French and 
Spanish fleet attacked Charleston, but was 
driven off with heavy loss. 

195. What part did the Indians take? 

A. The Indian allies of Spain were defeated in 1703. 
In 1715 a confederation of all the tribes was 
made, but they met with defeat. 

196. What led to another war with the Spaniards? 

A. The settlement of Savannah by Oglethorpe, on 
what was claimed to be part of Florida. 

197. What were the events of this war? 

A. Oglethorpe besieged St. Augustine in 1740, but 
was repulsed. In 1742 the Spaniards invaded 
Georgia, but were put to flight by a shrewd 
stratagem. In 1743 Oglethorpe made a 
second unsuccessful attack on St. Augustine. 

198. What was the chief event oj King George's War oj 

1744-48? 
A. The strong French fortress of Louisburg, Cape 
Breton, was attacked and taken in 1745. 
France sent a fleet to retake it, but storm 

60 



and disease mined the expedition. Louis- 
burg was restored to France after the war. 

199. To what result did these wars lead? 

A. France and Spain gained nothing, England 
gained only Acadia and control of the New- 
foundland fisheries. 

200. What intercolonial war originated in America? 
A. The French and Indian War of 1754-63. 

201. To what was it due? 

A. To conflicting claims for the ownership of the 
country west of the Alleghanies and along 
the Ohio. 

202. Why had this country been left so long unclaimed? 
A. The English had hitherto found room enough in 

the region between the mountains and the 
sea and the French had confined themselves 
to the extensive waterway of the Great 
Lakes and the Mississippi River. 

203. Who were the first to move towards the Ohio 

country? 
A. The English. The Ohio Company, formed in 1748, 
obtained a large grant of land in the Ohio val- 
ley. They sent out surveyors in 1750. This 
alarmed the French, who began to build forts 
on the tributary streams of the Ohio. 

204. What action was taken by the English? 

A. Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia in 1753 sent 
George Washington, then a young surveyor, 
to these forts to order their removal from 
territory claimed by Virginia. 

61 



205. What came from Washington's mission? 

A. The French refused to leave, and in 1754 seized 
a fort which the Virginians had begun to 
build at the headwaters of the Ohio. This 
they finished, naming it Fort Duquesne. 

206. What was the first warlike act? 

A. A skirmish between a body of militia under 
Washington and a party of French, whose 
commander was killed. 

207. Describe the Fort Necessity affair. 

A. Washington found the French too strong for 
his small force, and built a stockade which 
he called Fort Necessity. Here he was 
attacked by a superior body of French and 
Indians and forced to surrender, being given 
the honors of war. 

208. What important event took place at Albany the 

same year, 1754? 
A. A colonial convention was held at which Benjamin 
Franklin presented a plan for the union of 
the colonies. 

209. Was it accepted? 

A. No. Neither the king nor the colonies approved 
of it. As a result the colonies remained dis- 
united during the French and Indian War. 

210. What was the first important battle of the war? 
A. Troops sent from England, led by the British 

General Braddock, and Virginia militia, led 
by Washington, marched upon Fort Du- 
quesne in 1755. The expedition fell into an 

62 



ambuscade of French and Indians and met 
with disastrous defeat. 

211. To whom was this disaster due? 

A. To Braddock, who persistently refused to take 
Washington's advice. 

212. What other battle took place in 17 jj? 

A. One on the shores of Lake George in which the 
French were defeated. 

213. What led to the expulsion oj the Acadians? 

A. The French settlers of Acadia, or Nova Scotia, 
then held by the English, gave aid and 
information to the French and many of them 
refused to take an oath of allegiance to the 
EngUsh king. As a result more than 6,000 
of these were driven from their homes, 
which were burned and their farms laid 
waste. They were put on shipboard and 
sent away, many of them seeking the French 
colony of Louisiana. 

214. What were the principal events of 1756? 

A. A declaration of war between England and 
France and the capture of the port of 
Oswego, on Lake Ontario, by Montcalm, 
the French commander. 

215. What took place in 1757? 

A. Montcalm marched down Lakes Champlain and 
George and captured Fort William Henry, 
many of the prisoners taken being massacred 
by the Indians. 

63 



216. Name the principal military events of 1758. 

A. General Abercrombie attacked the French in 
Fort Ticonderoga, but was defeated. Gen- 
eral Forbes marched upon Fort Duquesne, 
which was abandoned by its garrison. 
Washington led the Virginians, who took the 
fort. 

217. What was the great event of 1759? 

A. The capture of Quebec by General Wolfe. 

218. How was this accomplished? 

A. After a fruitless siege, Wolfe led a strong force 
at night up a steep cliff to the Heights of 
Abraham, supposed inaccessible. Here a 
battle took place, the French being defeated 
and Montcalm, their commander, killed. 
Wolfe also received a mortal wound. 

219. What took place in 1760? 

A. The French made a vain effort to retake Quebec 
and Montreal surrendered to the English. 

220. When was peace declared? 

A. In 1763, the war having continued in Europe until 
this date. It became known there as **The 
Seven Years' War." 

221. Did this end the war in America? 

A. Not fully. An Indian outbreak followed, led by 
Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, who hoped to 
drive the English from the country. Many 
forts were taken by stratagem and many 
settlers murdered, but the contest ended in 
1766 with triumph for the whites. ¥ 

64 



222. What were the terms of the treaty of peace? 

A. France lost all its possessions in North America 
except two small islands near Newfound- 
land, used for fishing purposes. England 
gained Canada from France and Florida 
from Spain, the latter coimtry being given 
New Orleans and the region west of the 
Mississippi. 

223. Describe the results to the colonies of the war. 

A. They lost fifty thousand men and spent many 
millions of dollars. But they drove their 
enemy and rival from the land and gained 
much training in the art of war. Also they 
developed skillful military leaders. 



Period of Revolution and Independence 

224. Did the French and Indian War have any 

influence upon the relations between England 
and its colonies? 
A. Yes. 

225. What was the character of this influence? 

A. The English government sought to make the 
colonists pay part of the costs of the war and 
failed in this. 

226. Does this effort seem just? 

A. Yes. The colonists had gained much from the 
war. 

227. To what, then, did they object? 

A. To the methods pursued by the King and Parlia- 

5 65 



ment. They were willing to vote money 
for government use but not to be taxed by 
a legislative body in which they were not 
represented. 

228. Had they any other reason for discontent? 

A. Yes. They were bitterly opposed to the oppres- 
sive navigation laws and the laws forbidding 
manufacture in the colonies. 

229. Was the new king, George III, fitted to deal with 

a self-respecting people? 
A. No. He was too strongly impressed with his 
authority and too obstinate in carrying out 
his views. 

230. Were the Navigation Laws enforced? 

A. Only to a small extent. Most of the goods 
received in the colonies were brought in by 
smugglers. 

231. What action was taken to stop smuggling? 

A. "Writs of Assistance" were issued in 1761. 
These gave the custom officials the right to 
break into any warehouse or dwelling in 
search of smuggled goods. 

232. Was this method effective? 

A. No ; it was strongly opposed by the people, on the 
ground that ''Every man's house is his 
castle," into which no one has the right to 
intrude. 

233. What else was proposed by Parliament? 

A. To send a small army for the defense of the 
colonists, who were to pay its expenses. 

66 



Also the governors, judges and crown attor- 
neys were to be paid by the colonists. 

234. Did the colonists object to this? 

A. Not in principle, but in method. They were 
willing to vote money for these purposes, but 
not to pay taxes levied on them by Parlia- 
ment. 

235. On what did they base this sentiment? 

A. On the fact that they had always voted their 
own taxes and paid their own officials. 

236. Did the British recognize that the Americans 

were justified in this? 
A. Many of them did, including some members of 
Parliament. But the king and his advisers 
held opposite views. 

237. What sentiment became a watchword of the 

people? 
A. That ''Taxation without Representation is 
Tyranny." 

238. What act was passed by Parliament in 1J64 

affecting the colonists? 
A. One adding to the restrictions on commerce. 

239. When was the first direct tax enacted? 

A. In 1765. This provided for the sale of stamps, 
which were to be placed on all public 
documents, legal papers, newspapers and 
almanacs. 

240. How was the Stamp Act received? 

A. With bitter opposition and acts of riot. The 
people seized and burned the stamps and 

67 



every one refused to use them. They also 
determined to use no article of British 
manufacture till this act was repealed. 

241. What is meant by the Stamp Act Congress? 

A. A congress held in New York, to which most of 
the colonies sent delegates. It issued a 
Declaration of Rights and a petition to 
Parliament and the King. 

242. What other steps were taken? 

A. Associations called ''Sons of Liberty" were 
formed to resist the Act. 

243. What was the final result? 

A. The Americans won. Parliament repealed the 
Act in 1766. 

244. Describe what followed. 

A. William Pitt and Edmund Burke, famous states- 
men, told Parliament that it had no right 
to tax the Americans arbitrarily against 
their will. This had no effect. In 1767 a 
new law was passed, laying taxes on glass, 
paper, lead, paints and tea. Also trade with 
certain West India islands was forbidden. 

245. What else was done tending to increase the dis- 

content? 
A. Troops were sent to enforce the new laws, the 
colonies being ordered to feed and shelter 
these soldiers. This the assemblies refused 
to do and they were in consequence forbidden 
to hold sessions. 

68 



246. When were troops sent to Boston and how were 

they received? 
A. In 1768. The people looked on them as enemies 
and refused to provide them with quarters. 

247. What is meant by the "Boston Massacre"? 

A. A quarrel in 1770 between a crowd of citizens and 
a party of soldiers, in which the soldiers fired, 
killing four persons and wounding others. 

248. What followed? 

A. The indignation was so intense that the soldiers 
had to be taken from the town to an island 
'in the harbor. The soldiers who fired were 
tried and two of them sentenced to be 
branded in the hand. 

249. What other act of resistance took place? 

A. In 1772 the ''Gaspee," a revenue vessel whose 
officers had given offense, was seized and 
burned. 

250. What came of the efort to force the people to pay 

taxes? 
A. The articles taxed were not used, except when 
smuggled, British trade suffered severely, 
and the tax laws had to be repealed. 

251. Did this state of affairs teach discretion to the 

King and Parliament? 
A. No. George III continued determined to make 
the colonists pay taxes. The tax on tea was 
retained, but the people would not use any 
tea, except that smuggled from Holland. 

69 



252. What plan was next adopted? 

A. The price of tea was reduced so that, even with 
the tax, it was cheaper than that smuggled. 
It was thought that the Americans would be 
ready to use this cheap tea. 

253. What did they do with the cheap tea? 

A. That sent to New York and Philadelphia was 
ordered to be taken back. At Boston the 
custom house officers determined to unload 
the tea ships. 

254. What is meant by the ''Boston Tea Party''? 

A. A party of men dressed as Indians, who seized 
the ships and emptied the tea into the 
harbor. 

255. What is meant by '' The Intolerable Acts''? 

A. Five acts passed in 1774. The Boston Port Bill 
ordered the closing of the harbor till the lost 
tea should be paid for. The Transportation 
Bill ordained that soldiers or officials who 
committed murder in quelling resistance to 
the laws might be sent to England or Nova 
Scotia for trial. The Massachusetts Bill 
put all power into the governor's hands. 
The Quebec Act put the coimtry west of the 
Alleghanies under Canadian government. 
Another act required the colonists to provide 
quarters for the troops. 

256. What was the effect of these acts? 

A. They added greatly to the indignation of the 
people. The Boston Port Bill caused severe 

70 



distress in that city and other parts of the 
country sent food and money. 

257. How was legislation conducted? 

A. As the assemblies were forbidden to meet, 
government was carried on by ''Committees 
of Correspondence" between the towns. 

258. When and where did the first Continental Congress 

meet? 
A. At Philadelphia, on September 5, 1774. 

259. Did it pass any disloyal acts? 

A. No. It professed loyalty to the king, but asked 
him to redress the wrongs of the colonists. 
It demanded the right of the assembhes to 
meet, to make all laws, and to levy all taxes. 

260. What evidences of revolutionary spirit were shown? 
A. A "Provincial Congress" met in Massachusetts 

in 1774 which made active preparations for 
war. Other colonies showed a similar spirit. 
Patrick Henry told the Virginia Convention 
that they must fight. 

261. What is meant by the "Minute Men''f 

A. Men in New England who pledged themselves 
to march and fight at a minute's notice. 

262. What other warlike acts took place? 

A. Munitions of war were gathered at various points 
and other threatening steps taken. 

263. Did the British government recognize the critical 

state oj a fairs? 
A. It did eventually. Parliament in February, 
1775, declared that rebellion existed in 

71 



Massachusetts and a fleet and several thou- 
sand additional troops were sent to Boston. 

264. What else served to incense the people? 

A. Fishing on the banks of Newfoundland was for- 
bidden, this throwing 20,000 men out of 
employment. Several towns were visited 
by troops in search of military stores. 

265. What critical act took place on April i8, iJJSf 
A. A party of soldiers was sent out from Boston to 

arrest the patriots, Samuel Adams and John 
Hancock, at Lexington, and destroy some 
stores collected at Concord. 

266. What is meant by ''Paul Revere' s Ride'*? 

A. An agent of the patriots named Paul Revere 
made a ride by night to warn the people 
of Lexington and Concord of the coming 
troops. 

267. What took place at Lexington? 

A. A body of minute men, drawn up on the village 
green, were fired upon by the troops and 
seven of them killed. 

268. To what did this act of violence lead? 

A. To the Revolutionary War and eventually to the 
freeing of the American colonists from British 
rule. 

269. What was its immediate result? 

A. A fight at Concord, the rising of the people in 
arms, the flight of the troops, and the fall of 
nearly three hundred of them in their 
retreat. 

72 



270. What acts of war followed? 

A. The New England militia besieged the British 
army in Boston, and the "Green Mountain 
Boys" of Vermont captured Forts Ticon- 
deroga and Crown Point. 

271. Who were the leaders of the Vermontersf 
A. Ethan Allen and Seth Warner. 

272. When and where did the Second Continental 

Congress meet? 
A. In Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. 

273. Who was its president? 

A. John Hancock, a Boston patriot. 

274. What steps did Congress take? 

A. It recognized George III as its "rightful sov- 
ereign," but sustained the siege of Boston, 
called for recruits, and appointed George 
Washington commander-in-chief of the Con- 
tinental army. 

275. Where was the first battle of the war? 

A. On Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill, heights which 
overlooked Boston. Here the Continentals 
fought until their ammunition ran out. The 
victory was a costly one for the British. 

276. When and where did W ashington take com- 

mand? 
A. On July 3, 1775, under an elm tree near Harvard 
College, Cambridge. 

277. What unsuccessful enterprise was attempted? 

A. An invasion of Canada. The capture of Quebec 
was vainly undertaken. 

73 



278. What act of the British government added greatly 

to the indignation of the Americans? 
A. The hiring of Hessian troops to add to its army. 

279. Who were the Hessians? 

A. Natives of Hesse-Cassel and other small princi- 
palities of Germany. 

280. How did the siege of Boston end? 

A. That city was evacuated by the British and 
occupied by the Americans March 17, 1776. 

281. What was the next warlike act? 

A. A British fleet attacked Fort Moultrie, in Charles- 
ton harbor, and was repulsed with heavy loss. 

282. What steps were taken towards independence? 

A. The people of Mecklenburg County, North 
Carolina, declared themselves free of alle- 
giance to the British king. Similar steps 
were taken in Rhode Island and Virginia. 

283. Who wrote ''Common Sense'' and what was its 

efect? 
A. Thomas Paine, a Philadelphian. It did much in 
fostering the revolutionary sentiment. 

284. What was done by Richard Henry Lee, a Virginia 

member of Congress? 
A. He offered a resolution in June, 1776, that "these 
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be. 
Free and Independent States." 

285. Who prepared a "Declaration of Independence''? 
A. Thomas Jefferson. 

286. When was it passed by Congress? 
A. On July 4, 1776. 

74 



287. What was the effect of this declaration? 

A. The British colonies were thenceforth known as 
the ''United States of America." 

288. What military events followed? 

A. A British fleet and army, sent south from Quebec, 
was met by Benedict Arnold on Lake 
Champlain and so severely handled that it 
was obliged to return. General Howe 
defeated Washington's army on Long Island 
and occupied New York. Washington 
retreated to the Delaware. 

289. What signal victory restored hope to the Ameri- 

cans? 
A. Washington's capture of a Hessian garrison at 
Trenton, December 25, 1776. 

290. Where else was Washington victorious? 
A. At Princeton, January 3, 1777. 

291. What two important movements were undertaken 

by the British leaders in 1777? 
A. One for the capture of Philadelphia, by General 
Howe, and one for the occupation of the 
Hudson Valley, by General Burgoyne. 

292. What was the result of Howe's movement? 

A. He landed his army at the head of Chesapeake 
Bay, met and defeated Washington's army 
on the Brandywine, and occupied Phila- 
delphia. 

293. What was the result of Burgoyne' s movement? 

A. Forces gathered on his front, defeated a detach- 
ment from his army at Bennington, met and 

75 



defeated the whole army near Saratoga and 
forced it to surrender. 

294. Did the British leaders show any military skill 

in these operations? 
A. Very little. Howe's withdrawal south with his 
army at this time left Burgoyne unsupported. 

295. When and how was the American flag adopted? 
A. By act of Congress, in June, 1777. 

296. Where were the Stars and Stripes first used in 

war? 
A. On Fort Stanwix, on the Mohawk River, where 
a force of British and Indians was put to 
flight by a shrewd stratagem. 

297. What is thought of the battle of Saratoga? 

A. It is classed with the fifteen decisive battles of 
history. Burgoyne 's surrender was the 
turning point in America's struggle for 
independence. 

298. What important effect did it have in Europe? 

A. It induced France to sign a treaty recognizing 
American independence and promising aid 
in the war. 

299. What effect did it have in England? 

A. It created a feeling of despair. Lord North, the 
prime minister, sought for peace, offering 
the colonists everything but independence. 
He was too late, and his offers were rejected. 

300. Where and how did Washington's army spend 

the winter of lyyy-yS? 
A. In camp at Valley Forge. Here the men suffered 

76 



severely from cold weather and lack of 
clothes, food and proper shelter. 

301. What is meant by the ''Conway CahaV'f 

A. A plot, led by a man named Conway, to induce 
Congress to dismiss Washington from his 
command. It failed. 

302. What was the most important event of 1778? 

A. The arrival of a French fleet to aid the Americans 
and the evacuation of Philadelphia by the 
British. 

303. Where did a battle take place? 

A. At Monmouth, New Jersey, between the retreat- 
ing British and the pursuing Americans. 

304. What was its result? 

A. Victory for the Americans was lost by the mis- 
conduct of General Charles Lee. His 
retreat at a critical moment enabled the 
British to escape to New York. 

305. What was the ''Massacre of Wyoming''? 

A. The valley of Wyoming, in Northern Pennsyl- 
vania, was raided by a band of Indians and 
Tories and much slaughter and devastation 
took place. 

306. What event occurred in the West? 

A. Colonel Clark led a force of men from Kentucky 
to Illinois and captured the British posts in 
that region. This is thought to have saved 
the Northwest to the United States. 

307. What military events took place in the North in 

1779? 

77 



A. General Sullivan invaded the Iroquois cotintry 
and punished the Indians for the massacre 
of Wyoming. General Wayne made a 
brilHant capture of the stronghold of Stony 
Point, on the Hudson. 

308. What occurred in the South? 

A. The British captured Savannah in December, 
1778. It was attacked in September, 1779, 
by General Lincoln, aided by the French 
fleet. They met with a disastrous defeat. 

309. What famous naval victory was won? 

A. John Paul Jones, in the "Bonne Homme Rich- 
ard," captured the much stronger British 
frigate ''Serapis." 

310. Where did the remaining important events oj the 

war take place? 
A. In the South. 

311. What had the British gained by four years of 

war in the North? 
A. Only the control of New York and Newport. 

312. Who now commanded the British forces? 

A. General CHnton, who had succeeded General 
Howe. 

313. What successes did he gain? 

A. He attacked and captured Charleston, May 12, 
1780, overran South Carolina, and com- 
pletely defeated General Gates at Camden, 
August 16, 1780. 

314. What class of fighters now kept up the war in this 

region? 

78 



A. The partisan militia led by Marion, Sumter, 
Pickens and others. Of these Marion is 
the most famous. On October 7th a force 
of British and Tories on King's Mountain 
were badly beaten by a band of frontier 
riflemen. 

315. What shameful event took place in the North? 

A. Benedict Arnold, one of the ablest American 
generals, turned traitor and sought to sur- 
render the important post of West Point to 
the British. 

316. What was the result? 

A. His plot failed, Arnold escaped, but Major Andre, 
the British agent sent him, was taken and 
hanged as a spy. 

317. Who succeeded General Gates in the South? 

A. General Nathaniel Greene, an officer of great 
ability. 

318. Where did the first battle of lySi take place? 

A. At Cowpens, South Carolina, January 17, 1781. 

319. By whom was it fought? 

A. By General Morgan, a leader of riflemen, and 
Colonel Tarleton, a British raider. Tarle- 
ton's men were badly beaten. 

320. What event followed? 

A. General Greene, being poorly equipped, retreated 
before Comwallis, the British leader, and led 
him to the borders of Virginia, where the 
pursuit ceased. 

79 



321. What was the result of the battle of Guilford 

Court House, March 15, i'/8i? 
A. Greene was defeated, but handled the British 
so severely that the defeat had the effect of 
a victory. 

322. What was its influence on the British movements? 

A. Comwallis withdrew, in bad plight, to Wilming- 
ton, North Carolina, and subsequently in- 
vaded Virginia. 

323. What effect did this have on the war in the South? 
A. It brought it to a speedy end. During the 

remainder of 1781 Greene fought several 
engagements, and finally shut up the British 
in Charleston and Savannah. 

324. Describe the campaign in Virginia. 

A. The traitor Arnold was in Virginia, with a British 
force, and was opposed by General Lafayette. 
Comwallis took command, did great damage 
to property, and finally marched to York- 
town, on York River, where he waited for 
aid from New York. 

325. What was the American situation? 

A. Washington had kept his army near New York, 
watching the British there. He was now 
strengthened by a French force and a large 
French fleet also arrived off the coast. 

326. What did Washington do? 

A. He sent word to the French admiral to sail to 
the Chesapeake, and marched his army with 
all haste southward. By this movement 

80 



Cornwallis was shut up in Yorktown by an 
army on land and a fleet in the Bay. 

327. What Jollowedf 

A. Yorktown was besieged and in a week's time 
Cornwallis surrendered. 

328. What significant remark did Lord North make 

when he heard of this? 
A. "It is all over." So it was. Fighting ended. 
American independence was gained. 

329. When and where was a treaty of peace signed? 
A. At Paris, September 3, 1783. 

330. What was the extent of the new nation? 

A. From the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi 
River. England retained Canada and gave 
Florida back to Spain. This was connected 
by a strip of land with the Mississippi River, 
so that the United States had no Gulf coast. 
Spain held the country west of the 
Mississippi. 



First Period of Nationality 

331. What was the population of the country at this time? 
A. About two and a half millions. 

332. What was the condition of the country after the 

war? 
A. It was in a ruinous state, with no commerce, no 
money of value, no manufactures, many 
of its towns devastated, its fields depleted 
of crops. 

6 81 



333. Where were the settlements situated? 

A. Mainly in the coastal region east of the moimtains. 
A movement into the country west of the 
mountains had recently begun. 

334. What was the condition of the armyf 

A. The soldiers were so indignant at not being paid 
that some of them broke into mutiny. 

335. What was the cause of ''Shay's Rebellion'' f 

A. The poverty of the people and the attempt to 
make them pay taxes. 

336. What had been the financial operations of the 

war? 
A. Some money was borrowed in Europe. Robert 
Morris raised large sums to aid Washington 
in his campaigns. Congress depended mainly 
on paper money, which by 1780 had become 
practically worthless. 

337. What was the character of the government? 

A. The ** Articles of Confederation," adopted in 
1777, ratified in 1781, gave Congress almost 
no governing powers. There was no actual 
union, and the States made little effort to 
raise money to pay the war debt. 

33^. What helped to keep the States together? 

A. Their conflicting claims to the Northwest Terri- 
tory. 

339. How were these claims adjusted? 

A. Maryland, which had no claim to western lands, 
refused to enter the confederation until the 
other States had agreed to yield their claims 

82 



to the general government. This was 
gradually done and gave Congress control of 
a great region, worth far more than the 
public debt. 

340. What else was felt necessary? 

A. The granting of more power to Congress. 

341. What action was taken? 

A. Meetings were held in 1785 and 1786 to adjust 
commercial disputes between neighboring 
States. The last of these proposed a con- 
vention in 1787 to extend the powers of the 
government in this and other directions. 

342. What was done in this convention? 

A. A constitution was adopted which, with the ad- 
dition of a number of amendments, has since 
served for every exigency of the government. 

343. When and where was it adopted? 

A. In Independence Hall, Philadelphia, on Septem- 
ber 17, 1787. 

344. What action was taken by the States? 

A. Many objections to the Constitution were made, 
but it was gradually ratified, the last to do 
so being Rhode Island, the smallest State, on 
May 29, 1790. 

345. What branches of government did it establish? 

A. A Legislative, an Executive, and a Judicial. 
It also gave the central government full 
power to raise money, enlist armies, and deal 
with foreign countries. 

346. What were the branches of the government named? 

83 



A. Congress, consisting of Senate and House of 
Representatives; President and Vice-Presi- 
dent; and Supreme Court. 

347. Who was the first President? 

A. George Washington. He was unanimously 
elected and was inaugurated April 30, 1789. 

348. What officials were chosen to assist himf 

A. Thomas Jefferson, as Secretary of Foreign 
Affairs (now Secretary of State), Alexander 
Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, Henry 
Knox, Secretary of War, and Edmund 
Randolph, Attorney-General. 

349. By what name is this body of officials known? 

A. The President's Cabinet. Other officials have 
since been added until they now number 
ten. 

350. Where was the seat of government? 

A. Philadelphia had been the vseat (with some 
omissions due to the war) until the adoption 
of the Constitution. New York was the 
capital 1789-90, Philadelphia 1790-1800; 
Washington afterward. 

351. What was at that time the most important question 

to settle? 
A. That of finance. 

352. By whom and how was it settled? 

A. By Alexander Hamilton. He induced Congress 
to assume the debt of the States. To obtain 
money to pay these he had a small duty 
levied on imports. As the interest was 

84 



promptly paid, the creditors were willing 
to let their claims stand as investments. 

353. What was the effect of this? 

A. The credit of the government was restored and 
the debt was gradually paid. 

354. What direct tax was laid? 
A. One on whiskey. 

355. What was the effect of this? 

A. It caused a rebellion among the whiskey distillers 
of western Pennsylvania. To quell this an 
army was sent and the outbreak put down. 

356. What war took placet 

A. One with the Indians of the Northwest. General 
Harmer was defeated by them in 1790 and 
General St. Clair in 1791. They were 
finally subdued by General Wayne in 1794. 

357. How were the Tories {those who had favored the 

British side during the war) treated? 
A. Their property was confiscated and was not paid 
for as agreed to in the treaty, and bad treat- 
ment forced thousands of them to leave the 
country. 

358. How was this trouble adjusted? 

A. By a new treaty with Great Britain in 1795. 

359. What source of trouble existed not provided for in 

this treaty? 
A. England and France were then at war, and 
American vessels dealing with French or 
English ports were frequently seized and their 
cargoes confiscated. Also sailors were taken 

85 



from American vessels to serve in the British 
navy on the plea that they were British 
subjects. 

360. How did the American people regard thisf 

A. It created intense indignation. It finally led to 
war. 

361. When did Washington retire from office? 

A. On March 4, 1797, John Adams succeeding him as 
President. 

362. What hostile relations arose in the Adams 

administration f 
A. A naval contest with France in which several 
battles took place. 

363. To what was it due? 

A, To French raids upon American commerce. 

364. What two unpopular laws were passed? 

A. The Alien Law, giving the President the right to 
banish foreigners whom he disapproved of, 
and the Sedition Law, making any published 
attack on the President or Congress punish- 
able. 

365. When did Washington die? 
A. On December 14, 1799. 

366. Who was the first President to reside in Washing- 

ton? 
A. John Adams, in the final year of his term. 

367. Who was elected President in i8oo? 

A. Thomas Jefferson, the Democratic candidate. 

368. What important controversy attended the election? 
A. Jefferson and Aaron Burr each received the same 

86 



number of electoral votes, so that both of 
them were eligible to the presidency. The 
difficulty was settled by Congress in favor 
of Jefferson. Burr, as the second choice, 
became Vice-President. 

369. What was done to prevent any similar controversy? 
A. An amendment to the Constitution was made 

providing that nominations should be made 
separately for President and Vice-President. 

370. What war took place in Jefferson's term? 

A. One with Tripoli, a piratical country of northern 
Africa. Tripoli was forced to request peace. 

371. What event of great importance occurred? 

A. The purchase of the great Louisiana territory 
west of the Mississippi. This had been 
transferred from Spain to France in 1801 
and was purchased by the United States 
in 1802. 

372. What famous expedition followed? 

A. One by Captains Lewis and Clark, sent out to 
examine the new country acquired. They 
were the first to cross the coimtry to the 
Pacific Ocean. 

373. What is the later story of Aaron Burr? 

A. He shot and killed the great statesman, Alexander 
Hamilton, in a duel, and later formed a plot 
to seize Texas and found an independent 
nation. He was tried for treason in 1807, 
but there was not evidence enough to convict 
him. 

87 



374. What notable invention was made? 

A. That of the steamboat by Robert Fulton, in 
1807. This, and the cotton gin, invented 
in 1793, were of great importance to the 
country. 

375. What disturbing relations with England and 

France existed? 
A. Both these countries continued to seize American 
merchant ships, and English war- vessels 
to impress seamen from American ships. 

376. Describe the ''Chesapeake'' affair? 

A. The American frigate ** Chesapeake" was fired 
into by the British frigate "Leopard" in 1807 
and four of her crew were seized as British 
deserters . The ' ' Chesapeake "had been taken 
by surprise and was not in condition to 
return the fire. 

377. To what legislation did this lead? 

A. An Embargo Act was passed in 1807, forbidding 
all commerce with foreign nations. As this 
caused serious loss to American commerce, 
it was repealed in 1809 and a Non- Inter- 
course Act was passed which prohibited 
commerce with England and France. 

378. What important effect came from these acts? 

A. They led to a rapid development of manufac- 
tures in the United States. 

379. Who was elected President in i8o8? 

A. James Madison, the Democratic candidate. 

88 



380. What policy was proposed by President 

Madison? 
A. He favored a protective tariff, and wore when 
inaugurated ''a full suit of woolen cloth, 
the wool being from sheep raised in the 
United States, and the cloth from American 
factories." 

381. What hostile events marked his administration? 
A. France and England continued their assaults 

on American commerce. The impressment 
of American seamen continued. The attack 
on the ''Chesapeake" was avenged by the 
frigate "President," which replied to an in- 
sult from the British sloop-of-war ''Little 
Belt" by a broadside. 

382. Where did an Indian war take place? 

A. In Indiana Territory. Tecumseh, a Shawanese 
chief, combined the tribes against the whites. 
A battle took place in 1811 near Tippecanoe 
River in which the Indians were defeated. 

3^3. What was the cause of the English and French 
depredations on American commerce? 

A. They arose from the long continued war between 
England and the French under Napoleon, 
in which little attention was paid to the 
rights of other nations. 

384. To what did they finally give rise? 

A. To war between England and the United States, 
declared June 18, 1812. 

89 



385. What number of States and what population 
were there in i8i2f 

A. Eighteen States and about 7,500,000 population. 

3^6. What military events took place in 1812? 

A. Detroit was surrendered to the British and 
attempts to invade Canada failed. On the 
sea the Americans were very successful, 
winning several victories, the most notable 
being the sinking of the frigate ''Guerriere" 
by the American frigate "Constitution." 

387. What was the ocean war record for the remainder 
of the contest? 

A. America lost the ''Chesapeake" and "Essex," but 
gained so many victories at sea that Europe 
was astonished, since Britain had long held 
the title of ''mistress of the seas." 

Z^^. What victories were gained on lake waters? 

A. Commodore Perry defeated a British fleet on 
Lake Erie, September 10, 1813, and Commo- 
dore McDonough won a similar victory on 
Lake Champlain, September 11, 1814. 

389. What land battles took place on the Canadian 

border? 
A. General Harrison won a victory over the English 
on the Thames River in 1813 and General 
Scott won victories at Chippewa and Lundy's 
Lane in 1814. But the effort to invade and 
conquer Canada met with no success. 

390. What signal event took place in 18 14? 

A. A British fleet entered the Chesapeake and 

90 



landed an army which captured the city of 
Washington. Baltimore was also attacked, 
but was successfully defended. 

391. What shameful deed followed? 

A. The British burned the Capitol, the President's 
house and most of the public buildings in 
Washington, destroying the government 
records by these fires. 

392. What Indian war was fought in the South? 

A. One with the Creek Indians, who attacked the 
settlements but were thoroughly defeated 
by General Jackson. 

393. Where was the last battle of the war fought? 

A. At New Orleans, where General Jackson defeated 
with great loss a large British army. 

394. What fact made this battle especially memorable? 
A. It was fought after a treaty of peace had been 

signed. In those days of sailing vessels 
and no telegraphs it took several weeks for 
the news of this treaty to cross the Atlantic. 

395. What war took place in i8is? 

A. One with Algiers. It ended in the Moorish 
nations being forced to desist from piracy. 

396. Who was elected President in i8i6? 

A. James Monroe. Like Madison and Jefferson 
he was a candidate of the Democratic party. 
The old Federal party died out after this 
election. 

397. What important political event marked the Monroe 

administration ? 

91 



A. The passage of the Missouri Compromise, which 
put a limit to the northward extension of 
slaveholding. 

398. What other important event occurred? 

A. Indian depredations forced General Jackson to 
invade Florida. This caused hostile rela- 
tions with Spain, which were settled in 1819 
by the sale of Florida to the United States. 

399. What great work of engineering was performedf 
A. The construction of the Erie Canal, 1817-25. 

400. What gave renown to the Monroe administration? 
A. The "Monroe Doctrine." This was due to the 

danger of European nations invading the 
new republics of Spanish America. It gave 
the world warning that the United States 
would not approve of any future colonization 
of American territory or permit any oppres- 
sion of an American nation. 

401. What is the history of this famous ''Doctrine''? 
A. It has on several occasions been put in force 

sucessfully, notably in the case of the French 
occupation of Mexico during the Civil War. 

402. What interesting event took place in 1824? 

A. General Lafayette, the most distinguished foreign 
hero of the Revolution, visited America, 
where he was given an enthusiastic reception. 

403. Who was elected President in 1824? 

A. There were several candidates, Andrew Jackson, 
John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford 
and Henry Clay. Jackson received the most 

92 



votes, but not a majority of the whole, and 
the election was thrown into the House of 
Representatives, which chose Adams. 

404. What is meant by the ''Era of Good Feeling''? 
A. The period of the Monroe Administration, during 

which there was only one political party, the 
Democratic. After the Adams election 
new parties arose. 

405. What was the most important event of the J, Q. 

Adams administration? 
A. The passage of a tariff bill considerably increasing 
the duties on imported goods. 

406. Where was this tariff strongly opposed? 

A. In the South. Vice-President Calhoun, of South 
Carolina, suggested that his State should 
declare it ''null and void." 

407. What name was given to those who held this view? 
A. ''NulHfiers." 

408. What was done to the Creek Indians? 

A. They were removed in 1826 to the Indian Terri- 
tory. Many other tribes were sent there in 
later years. 

409. What steps were taken about the evil of intemperate 

use of strong drink? 
A. A great agitation in favor of temperance began in 
1826, and thousands of persons signed the 
pledge to abstain from intoxicating drinks. 
This agitation has never since ceased. 

410. What gave rise to the ''Anti-Masonic'' political 

party? 

93 



A. The disappearance of a man who had written a 
book in 1826 professing to reveal the secrets 
of the Masonic Order. Many believed that 
he had been murdered by the Masons. 

411. Who was elected President in 1828? 

A. Andrew Jackson, the hero of the South in the 
war of 1812-15. 

412. What action did he take about office holders? 

A. He dismissed many of them and replaced them 
by members of his own party, the Demo- 
cratic. This had not formerly been the 
custom and it became known as ''rotation 
in office" and the ''spoils system." 

413. To what did the tariff of 1828 lead? 

A. To an attempt in South Carolina to nullify it, 
or forbid the collection of duties in that 
State. 

414. Was this successful? 

A. No. President Jackson took active steps to 
check the movement. But a compromise 
tariff was passed which gradually reduced 
the tariff charges. 

415. In what way did President Jackson disturb the 

finances? 
A. By refusing to renew the charter of the United 
States Bank. He also removed from it the 
government deposits, an action which ruined 
the bank. 

416. What effect had this on the financial world? 

A. The government funds, put in other banks, were 

94 



freely loaned and gave rise to an era of wild 
speculation. 

417. What was the final result? 

A. A severe financial panic, which began in 1837 and 
for several years caused great distress. 

418. What was the Black Hawk War? 

A. An outbreak in 1832 of the Illinois and Wisconsin 
Indians under a chief of this name. It was 
soon put down and a large tract of territory 
taken from the Indians. 

419. When did the movement for the abolition of 

slavery become active? 
A. In 1831, when William Lloyd Garrison began to 
publish his paper, the Liberator. 

420. Who was elected President in i8j6? 

A. Martin Van Buren, who had been Vice-President 
during Jackson's second term. 

421. What were the principal events in his term? 

A. The business depression spoken of and the 
adoption of the Sub-Treasury System for the 
handling of the public fimds. 

422. Who was elected President in 1820? 

A. William Henry Harrison, a candidate of the new 
Whig party. 

423. What followed? 

A. He died one month after his inauguration, and 
Vice-President John Tyler succeeded. 

424. Was Tyler satisfactory to the Whigs? 

A. No. He supported Democratic legislation. 

95 



425. What act of international policy marked his 

adniinistrationf 
A. A treaty was made establishing the boundary 
line between the United States and Canada. 

426. Hoixj Jar did this extendi 

A. From the Atlantic to the Rocky Mountains. 

427. Why was it not carried to the Pacific? 

A. Because the ownership of the Oregon country 
had not been settled. 

428. When and how was this settled? 

A. In 1846, when a treaty was made giving the 
coimtry south of 49° north latitude to the 
United States, that north of it to Great 
Britain. 

429. What was the ''Dorr Rebellion''? 

A. An effort of Governor Dorr of Rhode Island to 
do away with the colonial system of govern- 
ment which still existed. His violent 
methods brought him an arrest for treason, 
but the reforms demanded by his party were 
afterguards obtained. 

430. What new religious sect arose? 

A. The Mormons, founded in 1830. They later 
built the city of Nauvoo in Illinois, and in 
1843 adopted the systemi of polygamy. 
This aroused such indignation and violence 
that they emigrated to Utah in 1846-47. 

431. Who was elected President in 1844? 

A. James K. Polk, the Democratic candidate. 

96 



Henry Clay, the famous orator, was the Whig 
candidate, and was defeated. 

432. What was the great event of the Polk administra- 

tionf 
A. A war with Mexico, due to the insurrection of 
Texas in 1836 and its acceptance as a State 
of the American Union in 1845. 

433. What was the immediate cause of the war? 
A. A dispute about the boundary. 

434. Who was the most famous leader in this war? 

A. General Zachary Taylor, who crossed the Rio 
Grande and won a brilliant victory at 
Buena Vista. 

435. Who else invaded Mexico in the north? 

A. General Kearney invaded and occupied New 
Mexico and Captain Fremont did the same 
in California. 

436. What other invasion was made? 

A. One by General Scott by way of the Gulf coast. 

437. Describe his movements. 

A. He bombarded and captured Vera Cruz in 
March, 1847, won victories at Cerro Gordo 
and Puebla, and in September won several 
victories near the city of Mexico, which he 
occupied September 14th. 

438. When was the treaty of peace signed ajui what 

were its terms f 
A. On February 2, 1848. Mexico gave up all claim 
to Texas and transferred New Mexico and 
CaHfomia to the United States, receiving in 

7 97 



return the sum of $15,000,000 and the 
assumption by the United States of a debt 
due American citizens of about $3,500,000. 

439. What territory was added to this in i8jj? 

A. A tract of 45,535 square miles south of New 
Mexico and known as the Gadsden purchase. 
This was to settle a boundary dispute, the 
United States paying $10,000,000 for the 
tract. 

440. What highly important event immediately fol- 

lowed the war? 
A. The discovery of gold in California, which 
quickly drew a large population to that 
region. 

441. Who was elected President in 1848? 

A. Zachary Taylor, the popular hero of the Mexican 
War. He was candidate of the Whig party. 

442. What event followed his election? 

A. He died July 9, 1850. He was succeeded by 
Millard Fillmore, the Vice-President. 

443. What was the status of the abolition question at 

this timet 
A. It had increased in activity imtil there was now 
a strong anti-slavery party in the North. 

444. What work of fiction aided in this? 
A. Mrs. Stowe's ''Uncle Tom's Cabin." 

445. What was the purpose of the Compromise of 

i85of 
A. To settle the question of slaveholding in the 
territory obtained from Mexico and the 

98 



District of Columbia and to pass a Fugitive 
Slave Law. 

446. What was the effect of the Fugitive Slave Law? 
A. Many in the North refused to yield to its require- 
ments. 

447. What was the ''Underground Railroad^'? 
A. Secret methods of aiding slaves to escape. 

448. Who was elected President in i8j2f 

A. Franklin Pierce, the Democratic candidate. 

449. What was the Kansas-Nebraska hill? 

A, A bill opening those territories to slavery and 
thus practically setting aside the Missouri 
Compromise. 

450. What was its result in Kansas? 

A. Warlike contest between the settlers from North 
and South. 

451. What new political party was organized? 

A. The Republican party, made up of the rem- 
nants of several older parties of minor im- 
portance. 

452. Who was elected President in 1856? 

A. James Buchanan, the Democratic candidate. 

453. What were leading events in his term? 

A. The Dred Scott decision, opening the North 
practically to slaveholding, and the John 
Brown anti-slavery raid on Harper's Ferry. 

454. What famous debate took -place in Illinois? 

A. One between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. 
Douglas, contestants for the United State? 
Senate and afterwards for the presidency. 

99 



455. Who was elected President in i86of 

A. Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate. 

456. What followed his election? 

A. The secession from the Union of seven Gulf and 
South Atlantic States and the formation of a 
government entitled *' The Confederate States 
of America." 



Period of Civil War and Reconstruction 

457. What was the opening act in the Civil War? 

A. The bombardment of Fort Sumter, in Charleston 
harbor. 

458. What effect did this produce on the North? 

A. It aroused wide indignation, being regarded as an 
insult to the national flag. 

459. To what did this give rise? 

A. To an active war spirit and the rapid enlistment 
of armies in both sections of the country. 

460. What else took place in the South? 

A. Four more States, Virginia, North Carolina, 
Tennessee and Arkansas, seceded. 

461. What was the state of affairs in Missouri? 

A. The effort to make it secede led to acts of war. 
This State and Kentucky were kept in the 
Union, also Maryland, these being the 
remaining slave States. 

462. Where else were there acts of war in a slave-holding 

State? 
A. In the western section of Virginia, War broke 

100 



out here, with McClellan and Lee among the 
leaders. Eventually this region was formed 
into a new State, named West Virginia. 

463. Where was the first important battle fought and 

with what result? 
A. At Bull Run, south of Washington. The Federal 
army was defeated. 

464. Who was made the Federal commander-in-chief f 
A. General George B. McClellan, who had shown 

much ability in West Virginia. 

465. What plan of campaign was adopted by 

McClellan? 
A. To transport the army by water to the peninsula 
between James and York Rivers and besiege 
Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy. 

466. Did this plan prove successful? 

A. No. A number of battles were fought, ending 
in defeat for McClellan. 

467. Who was now the Confederate leader? 

A. General Robert E. Lee, the ablest commander in 
the South. The most famous under him 
was Thomas J. Jackson, familiarly known 
as "Stonewall" Jackson. 

468. What plan of campaign did he pursue? 

A. He marched north towards Washington, dis- 
astrously defeated General Pope near Bull 
Run battlefield (August 28-30, 1862), forced 
the recall of McClellan from the James 
River region, and invaded Maryland. 

101 



469. What was the final act in this campaign? 

A. The battle of Antietam (September 1 7th) and the 
withdrawal of Lee into Virginia. 

470. What was done in the West in 1862? 

A. General Grant attacked and captured Forts 
Henry and Donelson in Tennessee, was 
defeated at Shiloh April 6th and victorious 
April 7th. 

471. What is the story of Bragg' s campaign? 

A. General Bragg, a Confederate leader, marched 
through Tennessee and Kentucky to the 
vicinity of Louisville, but was checked and 
defeated at Perryville and afterwards at 
Murfreesboro. 

472. What was done by General Sherman? 

A. He attacked Vicksburg, a stronghold on the 
Mississippi, but was defeated. 

473. What important naval events took place? 

A. On March 8, 1862, was fought in Hampton Roads 
the first battle of iron-clad vessels, one 
between the * 'Monitor ' ' and * * Merrimac. ' ' It 
was a drawn battle. Other events were the 
blockading of the Confederate ports, Farra- 
gut's naval battle on the Mississippi, and 
the capture of New Orleans. 

474. What signal political event marked the end of the 

year? 
A. Lincoln's "Proclamation of Emancipation," which 
announced freedom for all slaves in territory 
then held by the Confederacy, 

102 



475. What took place in the East in 1863? 

A. General Lee, who had defeated Burnside at 
Fredericksburg in December, 1862, defeated 
Hooker at Chancellorsville, May 23, 1863. 
Then he invaded Pennsylvania, but was met 
and defeated at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 
retreating to Virginia. 

476. What was done in the central South? 

A. Grant besieged Vicksburg, taking it July 4th; 
Rosecrans was defeated by Bragg at 
Chickamauga; Grant defeated Bragg at 
Chattanooga; Knoxville was besieged by 
Longstreet and relieved by Sherman. 

477. What was the character of the campaign of 

1864? 
A. General Grant was made commander-in-chief 
on March 3d and took personal command 
of the army in Virginia, appointing Sherman 
to leadership in the South. They were to 
advance respectively on Richmond and 
Atlanta. 

478. Describe Grant's operations. 

A. He fought a series of battles with Lee, at the 
Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor, 
made a succession of flank movements, and 
ended with siege operations against Peters- 
burg. 

479. What was done by Early and Sheridan? 

A. General Early, of the Confederate army, marched 
north and threatened Washington. He was 

103 



met by Sheridan in the Shenandoah Valley 
and completely defeated. 

480. Describe Sherman s operations. 

A. He marched south from Chattanooga, like Grant 
fighting and flanking, and on September 2d 
captured Atlanta. 

481. Where was the final great battle in the central 

West? 
A. At Nashville, Tennessee, between Thomas and 
Hood, who had marched north from Atlanta. 
Hood was defeated and his army dispersed. 

482. What other movements took place in 1864? 

A. General Banks invaded Louisiana, via the Red 
River, and was defeated; Admiral Farragut 
fought the forts defending Mobile ; the pri- 
vateer * 'Alabama" was fought and sunk off 
the coast of France; and Sherman made a 
daring march through Georgia from Atlanta 
to Savannah. 

483. How did the war end? 

A. After a long siege Grant flanked and carried the 
defenses of Petersburg and forced Lee to 
retreat. He was surrounded and sur- 
rendered April 9, 1865. Sherman marched 
north to Goldsboro, North Carolina, and 
Johnston, his opponent, surrendered April 
26th. 

484. What distressing event followed the war? 

A. President Lincoln, who had been re-elected in 
1864, was assassinated April 14, 1865, by 

104 



an actor of Southern sympathies, John Wilkes 
Booth. 

485. What became of Jefferson Davis, President of 

the Southern Confederacy? 
A. He was captured and imprisoned for two years 
in Fortress Monroe, then set free. 

486. What were the costs of the war? 

A. The public debt after the war was about $2,775,- 
000,000. The total cost, including property 
destroyed and value of the freed slaves, has 
been estimated at not less than eight billions 
of dollars. 

487. How many men were in the armies? 

A. Probably two million in the Union and nearly 
a million in the Confederate. 

488. What were their losses? 

A. Probably more than 600,000 died from wounds 
and disease in both armies, and many 
thousands were disabled. 

489. What were the beneficial results of the war? 

A. It put an end to the system of slavery, settled the 
question of secession, and taught foreign 
nations the strength and power of the great 
American republic. 

490. Who succeeded President Lincoln? 

A. Andrew Johnson, the Vice-President, a native of 
North Carolina and resident of Tennessee. 

491. What may be said of him? 

A. When elected he had been bitter against the 
Confederates. As President he was in 
sympathy with them and sought to hasten 
105 



their return to the Union. He was obstinate, 
lacked judgment and discretion, and was 
soon in conflict with Congress. 

492. What steps did he take? 

A. Without consulting Congress he issued a procla- 
mation of pardon to the people of the seceded 
States and considered that the organization 
of loyal State governments was sufficient for 
their readmission to the Union. 

493. What did Congress do when it metf 

A. It disapproved of the President's acts, enacted 
an amendment to the Constitution abolish- 
ing slavery and another which gave all civil 
rights except that of suffrage to the freedmen. 
A third amendment was passed in 1869, 
giving the late slaves the right to vote. 
All these amendments were ratified by the 
Northern States. 

494. What else did Congress do? 

A. It passed acts of reconstruction over the vetoes of 
the President and appointed military govern- 
ments for the seceded States; except Ten- 
nessee, which accepted the terms offered by 
Congress and was readmitted. 

495. What were the governments established in the 

Southern States called? 
A. ''Carpet bag" governments, from the fact that 
many unfitted and plunder-seeking adven- 
turers from the North were elected to office 
in the South by the negro vote. 

106 



496. What brought about a final break between the 

President and Congress? 
A. His disregard of the Tenure of Office Bill passed 
by Congress. 

497. What special act led to his impeachment? 

A. He dismissed Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of 
War, from his Cabinet, this being in con- 
travention of the Tenure of Office Act. 

498. What was the result of the Impeachment trial? 
A. He was acquitted, one vote being lacking for 

conviction. 

499. What other events of importance took place dur- 

ing the Johnson administration? 
A. France was warned to withdraw its army from 
Mexico, which had been invaded in defiance 
of the "Monroe Doctrine," Alaska was pur- 
chased from Russia, and the first successful 
Atlantic telegraph was laid. 

500. Who was elected President in i868? 
A. General Ulysses S. Grant. 

501. What was done under him to restore the Union of 

the States? 
A. Reorganization of the seceded States was com- 
pleted, they all accepting the new amend- 
ments to the Constitution and being re- 
admitted by 1870. 

502. What great engineering feat was accomplished? 
A. The laying of the first overland railroad to the 

Pacific coast, the last spike being driven 
May 10, 1869. 

107 



Development into a World Power 

503. What were the ''Alabama claims''? 

A. Claims against the British government for losses 
caused by the privateer ''Alabama", which 
had been built in and sailed from England. 

504. How were these claims adjusted? 

A. By arbitration, Great Britain being required to 
pay $15,500,000 damages. 

505. Where was there a great fire in iSyi? 

A. In Chicago. It destroyed $200,000,000 worth of 
property. 

506. What caused the panic of i8'/j? 

A. Probably the active speculation and very rapid 
railroad building that followed the Civil 
War. 

507. What was its effect? 

A. There were numerous failures and much distress, 
depression in business continuing for several 
years. 

508. Where and why was the Centennial Exposition 

held? 
A. At Philadelphia, in 1876. Its purpose was to 
celebrate the one-hundredth anniversary of 
the Declaration of Independence. 

509. In what direction had it an educational value? 

A. In that of art, in which America was then 
deficient. 

510. Describe the Presidential election oj i8y6. 

A. Rutherford B. Hayes was the Republican, 
Samuel J. Tilden the Democratic, candidate. 

108 



Several of the Southern States were claimed 
by both parties, but the Returning Boards 
declared Hayes elected. 

511. How was the difficulty adjusted? 

A. By an Electoral Commission composed of mem- 
bers of Congress and Supreme Court judges. 
It decided in favor of the Republican candi- 
date. Its decision was bitterly resented by 
the Democrats. 

512. What action did President Hayes take? 

A. He removed the troops from the Southern States, 
leaving them free to govern themselves. 

513. What financial action was taken? 

A. Specie payments were resumed and a large gold 
reserve was instituted. 

514. What was done with the silver question? 

A. The coinage of silver dollars, which had ceased 
in 1873, was renewed in 1878. 

515. What great strike took place? 

A. A railroad strike in 1877 in which 150,000 
workmen took part, nearly a hundred lives 
were lost, and $3,000,000 worth of property 
was destroyed. 

516. Who was elected President in i88o? 

A. James A. Garfield, the Republican candidate. 

517. What disaster followed? 

A. He was shot, July 2, 1881, by a disappointed 
office seeker, and died September 19th. 

518. What was supposed to have led to his assassina- 

tion? 

109 



A. The agitation for Civil Service Reform, which was 
supported by the President. 

519. Who succeeded to the office? 

A. Chester A. Arthur, the Vice-President. 

520. When was a Civil Service Reform Act passed? 
A. In 1883. Its purpose was to select men for office 

on the ground of ability, not of political 
service. 

521. What were the important events during this 

administration? 
A. A World's Cotton Exposition was held at New 
Orleans; the Washington monument at 
Washington City was completed; a system 
of Standard Time, for railroad convenience, 
was introduced. 

522. Who was elected President in 1884? 

A. Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate. 

523. What important legislation was enacted? 

A. An Interstate Commerce Act, for the control of 
railroad charges, was passed ; also a measure 
to exclude Chinese from the United States. 

524. What labor troubles took place? 

A. Strikes and rioting were frequent in 1886. A 
party of Anarchists in Chicago threw a 
bomb into a squad of police, killing and 
wounding many. Four of the Anarchists 
were hanged; others imprisoned for life. 

525. Where did a destructive earthquake occur? 
A. At Charleston, South Carolina, in 1886. 

110 



526. Who was elected President in 1888? 

A. Benjamin Harrison, grandson of the former Presi- 
dent Harrison, the RepubHcan candidate. 

527. What is meant by the Johnstown Flood? 

A. The flooding of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in 
consequence of the breaking of a dam. 
More than 2,000 persons were drowned. 

528. When and where was the first Pan-American 

Congress held? 
A. At Washington, in 1889. Its purpose was to 
produce friendly relations between the Ameri- 
can republics. 

529. What pension hill was passed? 

A. One to pay pensions to all needy American 
veterans of the past wars. 

530. What was the McKinley tariff? 

A. A new tariff bill passed for the protection of 
American industries. 

531. Who was elected President in i8q2? 

A. Grover Cleveland, who had been President 
1885-89. 

532. What important exhibition marked his adminis- 

tration? 
A. The World's Columbian Exposition, at Chicago, 
in 1893, in honor of the four-himdredth 
anniversary of the discovery of America. 

533. What other events of importance may be named? 
A. A severe business depression, beginning in 1893; 

the passing of a low tariff bill in 1894; a 
large increase in the Civil Service system, 

111 



534. Name an important diplomatic act. 

A. The settling of a dispute, by the President, 
between Venezuela and Great Britain, in 
which the principle of the Monroe Doctrine 
was sustained. 

535. What else was done? 

A. A series of great National Parks was instituted; 
also large forest reserves. 

536. Who was elected President in i8q6? 

A. William McKinley, the Republican candidate, 
author of the McKinley tariff bill. 

537. What were leading events in his administra- 

tion? 
A. A destructive overflow of the Mississippi; the 
discovery of gold in Alaska; a war with 
Spain in 1898. 

538. What led to the Spanish War? 

A. American sympathy with the ill-treated people of 
Cuba and the destruction of the battleship 
''Maine" in Havana harbor. 

539. What were its principal events? 

A. The sinking of Spanish fleets in Manila harbor 
and at Santiago de Cuba; the capture of 
Manila and Santiago; the occupation of 
Porto Rico; the surrender of the Spanish 
army. 

540. What were the results of the war? 

A. Cuba was made independent, and Porto Rico 
and the Philippine Islands were ceded to the 
United States. 

112 



541. What other territory was gained? 

A. The Hawaiian Islands were annexed by the 
United States in 1898. 

542. Were there any other warlike events? 

A. Yes. An insurrection of the Filipinos began in 
1899 and continued till 1901. 

543. What was the result of the election of igoof 

A. President McKinley was re-elected with Theodore 
Roosevelt for Vice-President. 

544. What disaster followed? 

A. .President McKinley was assassinated by an 
Anarchist in September, 1901, while attend- 
ing the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, 
New York. Vice-President Roosevelt suc- 
ceeded. 

545. What important events occurred during the 

Roosevelt administration? 
A. The Cuban republic was established, with Ameri- 
can aid, and the Isthmian Canal across 
Panama was undertaken. 

546. What great exposition was held? 

A. One at St. Louis in 1904, in commemoration of 
the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. 

547. Who was elected President in igo4? 

A. Theodore Roosevelt, the late Vice-President and 
President. 

548. What important diplomatic event occurred? 

A. The Portsmouth Peace Conference, between 
Russia and Japan, instigated by the Presi- 
dent. 

8 113 



549. What great disaster took place? 

A. The ruin, in 1906, of the city of San Francisco, 
by earthquake and fire. 

550. What striking naval event? 

A. The circumnavigation of the earth by an Ameri- 
can fleet of battleships, 1907-09. 

551. What was the character of legislation? 

A. Bills were passed to regulate railroad freight 
charges and for other reforms. 

552. What else was done in the interest of reform? 

A. The illegal acts of the great life insurance com- 
panies and trust companies were investi- 
gated. 

553. Who was elected President in igo8? 

A. William H. Taft, the Republican candidate. 

554. What important discovery was made? 

A. The North Pole was discovered in 1909 by 
Robert E. Peary, of the United States Navy. 

555. What is meant by Conservation of National 

Resources? 
A. The preservation for the use of the people of the 
forest, mining and other natural wealth of 
the United States, including the coal mines 
recently found in Alaska, was undertaken, 
and a service for the prevention of forest 
fires was instituted. 

556. What important law suits were carried on? 

A. Suits to dissolve the Standard Oil Company, the 
United States Steel Company and other 
powerful organizations. 

114 



557. What was done in the Postal service? 

A. A Postal Savings Bank, founded in 1909, was 
foDowed by a Parcels Post system, January 1, 
1913. 

558. What amendments to the Constitution were 

ratified in igijf 
A. One permitting Congress to tax incomes, and one 
providing for the election of United States 
Senators by popular vote. 

559. Who was elected President in igi2f 

A. Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate. 

560. What interesting political event took placet 

A. The formation of a new political party, the 
Progressive, headed by Theodore Roosevelt 
and indicating a revolt from the Republican 
party. 

561. What was the first act oj the Wilson administra- 

tion? 
A. The passage of a new tariff bill, largely reducing 
custom rates, in which the principle of 
tariff for revenue only replaced that of 
protection. 

562. What financial act was passed? 

A. One founding a system of Reserve Banks for the 
regulation of financial conditions. 

563. What was done in regard to Mexico? 

A. President Wilson refused to recognize Provisonal 
President Huerta, who had seized this post 
after the murder of President Madero, 

115 



564. What resulted? 

A. An insult to the American flag at Tampico led 
to the seizure and occupation of the Mexican 
port of Vera Cruz. 

565. Did this have any important effect? 

A. Very little. A successful revolution in Mexico 
led to the resignation of President Huerta, 
July 15, 1914. 

566. When was the Isthmian or Panama Canal 

completed? 
A. In 1914. 

567. What were the two great achievements in this 

undertaking? 
A. The excavation of Culebra Cut through the 
mountain axis and of the earth slides that 
followed, and the building of the Gatun 
dam and locks. 

568. When was the canal first opened to commercial 

vessels? 
A. August 20, 1914. 

569. What were the dimensions of this great work? 
A. 41| miles in length, 41 feet deep, 300 feet least 

width, summit level 85 feet above the sea. 

570. How was the completion of the canal celebrated? 
A. By a World's Fair at San Francisco in 1915. 



116 



General Topics and Questions 
I. Subjects for Discussion 
1. Purposes of government. 2. Departments of 
the American government. 3. Advantage of two 
Houses in Congress. 4. Special powers of Senate and 
of House. 5. Reason for life term of Supreme Court 
Justices. 6. Distinction between Common Law and 
Statute Law. 7. The purpose of the President's 
right of veto. 8. Difference between direct and 
indirect taxation. 9. Meaning and purpose of tariff. 
10. The need and use of public funds. IL The 
varied causes of war. 12. The difference between 
militia and regular troops. 13. How is war declared? 

14. Meaning of International law and rights. 

15. What is meant by treason? 16. How can immi- 
grants become citizens? 17. What is meant by 
patent and by copyright? 18. The utility of a 
written constitution. 19. Importance of occasional 
amendments to the Constitution. 20. What is 
understood by political activity and office seeking? 
21. What by bribery and graft? 22. Why should a 
member of Congress not be permitted to hold any 
other office? 23. Disadvantage of political office 
holding. 24. Advantage of Civil Service reform. 
25. The desirability of commercial duties. 26. Util- 
ity of gold and silver coin; of paper money. 27. The 

117 



purpose of laws. 28. How are new States organized ? 

29. Meaning of a "republican form of government." 

30. Advantage of teaching political principles in 
schools. 31. Former ideas about the shape of the 
earth. 32. What water routes exist between Eu- 
rope and Asia? 33. Why were the American 
natives given the name of Indians? 34. Present 
location of the United States Indians. 35. Names of 
noted discoveries. 36. Where was Acadia? 37. For 
what purpose did Henry Hudson sail up the Hudson 
River? 3S. Is the northwest passage from the 
Atlantic to the Pacific likely to become useful? 
39. Where are the chief American fisheries ? 40. What 
animals are of value for their furs? 41. Difference 
in degree of political liberty between the English 
and other colonists. 42. Cause of colonial demand 
for representative government. 43. Difference 
between intolerance and liberty in religion. 44. By 
whom was religious liberty granted? 45. Why had 
Connecticut and Rhode Island each two capitals? 

46. Why have these been reduced to one each? 

47. What were the Navigation Laws? 48. Is it ever 
right to disobey laws ? 49. When does a law become 
oppressive ? 50. The State Church system in Europe. 

51. Lack of a State Church in the United States. 

52. Original extent of the United States. 53. Present 
extent. 54. How the various additions were made. 
55. Present number of States. 56. Names of existing 
Territories. 57. Causes of the Revolutionary War. 
58. Of the war of 1812. 59. Of the Civil War. 

118 



60. Of the Mexican War. 61. Of the war with Spain. 
62. How can nations avoid war? 63. Growth of the 
system of arbitration. 64. What was the chief cause 
of wars with the Indians? 65. When was the first 
Pacific railroad completed? 66. When the first 
electric telegraph? 67. When was the Panama Canal 
begun and when finished ? 68. The Monroe Doctrine 
and its significance. 69. Name two important 
retreats in the Revolutionary War. 70. The two 
most important battles. 71. The most decisive 
battle of the Civil War. 72. State what Presidents 
died in office and cause of death. 73. What Presi- 
dents were elected for two terms? 74. What Presi- 
dent served nearly two terms? 75. Name the States 
formed from the Northwest territory. 76. Describe 
the discovery of gold in California. 77. The Southern 
Confederacy. 78. The Mason and Dixon's line. 

79. The Omnibus Bill or Compromise of 1850. 

80. The Venezuelan Controversy. 81. Result of 
the French and Indian War. 82. The Revolutionary 
War. 83, The Mexican War. 84. The Civil War. 
85. The War with Spain. 86. Amendments to Con- 
stitution as a result of the Civil War. 87. Recent 
Amendments. 88. Cause of annexation of Hawaii. 
89. Law of Presidential succession. 90. The Em- 
bargo and Non-Intercourse Acts. 9 1 . Purpose of Wars 
with Tripoli and Algiers. 92. Territory covered 
by the London and Plymouth companies. 93. Name 
the leading disasters in American history. 94. De- 
scribe the meaning and result of Nullification. 
95. The Anti-Slavery Movements. 96. Name the 

119 



States included in the Southern Confederacy. 
97. Purpose of John Brown's Raid. 98. Advantages 
possessed by North and South in the Civil War. 
99. Significance of the battle between the "Monitor" 
and the *'Merrimac." 100. Causes of assassination 
of Presidents Lincoln, Garfield and McKinley. 

101. The Emancipation Proclamation and its effect. 

102. Impeachment of President Johnson. 103. The 
Portsmouth Peace Treaty. 104. Purpose of the 
Electoral Commission. 105. Island accessions to the 
United States. 106. Proposed freedom of the 
Philippines. 107. Reason for celebrating the Fourth 
of July. 108. The great public parks of the United 
States. 109. The purpose of forest, mine and water- 
power conservation. 110. Rate of increase of popu- 
lation. 111. Compare the population of 1790 with 
that of 1890; that of 1910. 112. Duties of ministers 
and ambassadors. 113. Purpose of the President's 
Cabinet. 114. The Australian ballot. 115. The 
right or privilege of suffrage. 116. Woman Suffrage. 
117. Development in poHtical rights. 118. Meaning 
of confederacy. 119. Advantage of political parties. 
120. Purpose of a treaty. 121. Difference between 
a State and Territory. 122. Between a State and 
the Federal Union. 123. Best methods of studying 
history. 124. Utility of taking notes in a class. 
125. Of map-making. 126. Of stories from history. 



120 



n. Subjects for Written Compositions 

1. The varied forms of government in the 
colonial and federal history of United States. 
2. Need of change from the Articles of Confederation 
to the Constitution. 3. Unsuccessful and successful 
attempts to colonize America. 4. Intolerance of 
the Puritans and its effect. 5. Difference in political 
and religious conditions in the different colonies. 

6. Industries and modes of travel in early times. 

7. Development in means of transportation. 8. De- 
velopment in news sending. 9. The effect of religious 
persecution in Europe upon the settlement of 
America. 10. How freedom of the press was gained. 
11. The romantic story of John Smith. 12. Com- 
parison between the colonies of Virginia and Massa- 
chusetts. 13. What colonies began with liberal 
institutions and how these were obtained. 14. Na- 
tionality of the American colonists and causes and 
difficulties of emigration. 15. Stages of increase in 
territory from early to present time. 16. Extent of 
territory gained from Mexico by annexation, war 
and purchase. 17. Comparison of compromises of 
1820 and 1850. 18. Effect on the position of slave- 
holding from the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and the 
Dred Scott decision. 19. Origin of the name 
America. 20. Story of the American Indians. 
21. Effect of the invention of the steam boat and the 
locomotive. 22. Gradual improvements in modes of 
heating and lighting. 23. Story of coal mining, 
petroleum and natural gas. 24. Results of inven- 

121 



tion in America. 25. Purpose and effect of the 
Monroe Doctrine. 26. The Reconstruction of the 
seceded States. 27. The Impeachment of President 
Johnson. 28. Occasions in which the election of a 
President came to the House of Representatives 
and why. 29. Cause of Chinese exclusion and the 
Japanese controversy. 30. The Tariff problem and 
its political effects. 31. Stages of financial develop- 
ment. 32. What has been done to widen the area of 
agriculture ? 

in. Words and Phrases to be Defined 

1. Red men. 2. Wampum. 3. Tomahawk. 
4. Mound-builders. 5. Fools' gold. 6. Starving 
time. 7. Apprentice system. 8. Pilgrims. 9. May- 
flower. 10. Puritans. 11. Old and New Style. 
12. Salem Witchcraft. 13. Regicides. 14. Patroons. 
15. Charter Oak. 16. Penn Treaty tree. 17. Wash- 
ington elm. 18. Grand Model government. 19. Five 
Nations. 20. Six Nations. 21. Huguenots. 
22. Pennsylvania Dutch. 23. Scotch Irish. 24. Hes- 
sians. 25. Writs of Assistance. 26. Stamp Act. 
27. Boston Massacre. 28. Boston Tea Party. 
29. Minute Men. 30. Paul Revere's Ride. 31. Stars 
and Stripes. 32. Conway Cabal. 33. Moll Pitcher. 
34. Light-Horse Harry. 35. Marion's Men. 
36. Confederation. 37. Constitution. 38. Shay's 
RebelHon. 39. Whiskey War. 40. X. Y. Z. papers. 
41. Louisiana Purchase. 42. Embargo Act. 
43. United States Bank. 44. Cotton bale entrench- 

122 



merits. 45. Erie Canal. 46. Spoils System. 47. Nul- 
lification. 48. Abolition. 49. Prohibition. 50. Wild- 
cat banks. 51. Sub-treasury. 52. Anti-renters. 
53. Right of Search. 54. "Remember the Alamo." 
55. Mormons. 56. Missouri Compromise. 57. Wil- 
mot Proviso. 58. Gold Fever. 59. Free Soil party. 
60. Ejiow Nothing party. 61. Underground Rail- 
road. 62. Squatter Sovereignty. 63. Kansas war. 
64. John Brown Raid. 65. Dred Scott Decision. 
66. Secession. 67. Iron-clad. 68. * 'Battle above the 
clouds." 69. Sheridan's Ride. 70. "Stonewall" 
Jackson. 71. "Unconditional Surrender" Grant. 
72. "Contraband of war." 73. Reconstruction. 
74. Impeachment trial. 75. Carpet-baggers. 
76. iUabama claims. 77. Credit Mobilier. 78. Sal- 
ary Grab. 79. Weather Bureau. 80. Specie pay- 
ments. 81. Standard time. 82. Electoral Com- 
mission. 83. Australian ballot. 84. Civil Service. 
85. Free Silver. 86. Gold standard. 87. Panama 
Canal. 88. Coxey Army. 89. Rough Riders. 
90. Commission government. 91. Initiative. 92. 
Referendum. 93. Recall. 94. Woman Suffrage. 
95. Cotton gin. 96. Florida. 97. Pennsylvania. 
98. Massachusetts. 99. Virginia. 100. Maryland. 
101. Carolina. 102. Georgia. 103. Louisiana. 
104. Vermont. 105. New Amsterdam. 106. New 
York. 107. New Hampshire. 108. New Jersey. 
109. Connecticut. 110. Rhode Island. 



123 



IV. Place Names and their Historical Significance 

1. Vinland. 2. Florida. 3. Montreal. 
4. St. Augustine. 5. Santa Fe. 6. Jamestown. 
7. Plymouth. 8. Salem. 9. Providence. 10. New 
Amsterdam. 11. Upland. 12. Philadelphia. 13. Sa- 
vannah. 14. Charieston. 15. Louisburg. 
16. Acadia. 17. Quebec. 18. Boston. 19. New 
York. 20. Fort William Henry. 21. Fort Ticonder- 
oga. 22. Fort Necessity. 23. Lexington. 24. Con- 
cord. 25. Independence Hall. 26. Carpenters' 
Hall. 27. Brandywine. 28. Valley Forge. 29. Sara- 
toga. 30. Monmouth. 31. Stony Point. 32. King's 
Mountain. 33. Yorktown. 34. Detroit. 35. Chip- 
pewa. 36. Lake Erie. 37. Lake Champlain. 3S. New 
Orleans. 39. Alamo. 40. Buena Vista. 41. Vera 
Cruz. 42. Chapultepec. 43. CaHfornia. 44. Har- 
per's Ferry. 45. Fort Sumter. 46. Bull Run. 
47. Antietam. 48. Gettysburg. 49. Vicksburg. 
50. Lookout Mountain. 51. Chickamauga. 52. 
Atlanta. 53. Fredericksburg. 54. Wilderness. 
55. Petersburg. 56. Richmond. 57. Appomattox. 
58. Mobile. 59. Fort Donelson. 60. Shiloh. 
61. Manila. 62. Santiago. 63. Hawaii. 64. Pan- 
ama. 65. Portsmouth. 66. Hartford. 67. New 
Haven. 68. Chicago. 69. Cincinnati. 70. St. 
Louis. 71. Baltimore. 72. Pittsburgh. 73. Nia- 
gara Falls. 74. Buffalo. 75. Denver. 76. Salt Lake 
City. 77. San Francisco. 78. Seattle. 79. Los 
Angeles. 80. West Point. 81. Albany. 82. An- 
napolis. 83, Washington. 

124 



V. Personal Names and What They Signify 
1. Columbus. 2. Amerigo Vespucci. 3. De 
Leon. 4. De Soto. 5. Raleigh. 6. John Smith. 
7. Miles Standish. 8. Lord Delaware. 9. Roger 
Williams. 10. Anne Hutchinson. 11. Powhatan. 
12. Pocahontas. 13. Henry Hudson. 14. Peter 
Minuit. 15. Stuyvesant. 16. Lord Baltimore. 
17. William Penn. 18. Oglethorpe. 19. John Cabot. 
20. Sebastian Cabot. 21. Jacques Cartier. 22. Jean 
Ribault. 23. Menendez. 24. Champlain. 25. Mar- 
quette. 26. La Salle. 27. Drake. 28. King Philip. 
29. Berkeley. 30. Bacon. 31. Winthrop. 32. An- 
dros. 33. Leisler. 34. Captain Kidd. 35. Franklin. 
36. Washington. 37. Putnam. 3S, Braddock. 
39. Wolfe. 40. Montcalm. 41. Pitt. 42. Pontiac. 
43. George HI. 44. Ratrick Henry. 45. James Otis. 
46. Samuel Adams. 47. John Adams. 48. John 
Hancock. 49. Paul Revere. 50. John Stark. 
51. Ethan Allen. 52. Seth Warner. 53. Howe. 
54. Warren. 55. Prescott. 56. Montgomery. 
57. Arnold. 58. Moultrie. 59. Thomas Paine. 
60. Richard Henry Lee. 61. Jefferson. 62. Corn- 
walHs. 63. Charles Lee. 64. Lafayette. 65, Bur- 
goyne. 66. Schuyler. 67. St. Leger. 68. Her- 
kimer. 69. Gates. 70. Clinton. 71. Pulaski. 
72. Wayne. 73. Paul Jones. 74. General Lincoln. 
75. Marion. 76. Sumter. 77. Pickens. 78. Tarle- 
ton. 79. Greene. 80. Andre. 81. Morgan. 
82. Henry Lee. 83. Robert Morris. 84. Sergeant 
Jasper. 85. Hamilton. 86. Madison. 87. Gouver- 

125 



neur Morris. 8S. Captain Gray. 89. John Jay. 
90. Marshall. 91. Pinckney. 92. Burr. 93. Monroe. 
94. Lewis and Clark. 95. Harrison. 96. Tecumseh. 
97. Clay. 98. Calhoun. 99. Hull. 100. Bain- 
bridge. 101. Lawrence. 102. Porter. 103. Perry. 
104. McDonough. 105. Key. 106. Jackson. 
107. Webster. 108. Garrison. 109. Black Hawk. 
110. Osceola. 111. Houston. 112. Crockett. 
113. Joseph Smith. 114. Brigham Young. 115. Tay- 
lor. 116. Scott. 117. Fremont. 118. Kearney. 
119. Santa Anna. 120. Sumner. 121. Douglas. 
122. Lincoln. 123. John Brown. 124. Davis. 
125. Stephens. 126. Seward. 127. Chase. 
128. McClellan. 129. McDowell. 130. J. E. 
Johnston. 131. Lee. 132. Jackson. 133. Ericsson. 
134. Farragut. 135. Porter. 136. Butler. 
137. Beauregard. 138. Anderson. 139. Px^osecrans. 
140. Bragg. 141. Mason and Slidell. 142. Grant. 
143. Foote. 144. Buell. 145. A. S. Johnston. 
146. Bumside. 147. Hooker. 148. Meade. 
149. Halleck. 150. Pope. 151. Reynolds. 
152. Longstreet. 153. Sherman. 154. Sheridan. 
155. Stuart. 156. Custer. 157. Early. 158. Forrest. 
159. Morgan. 160. Hood. 161. Banks. 162. Sit- 
ting Bull. 163. John Sherman. 164. Dewey. 
165. Aguinaldo. 166. Roosevelt. 167. Sampson. 
168. Schley. 169. Miles. 170. Bryan. 171. Peary. 
172. Gorgas. 173. Goethals. 174. Taft. 
175. Wilson. 



126 



VI. Authors, Artists, Inventors, etc. 

(Prose) 1. Mather. 2. Edwards. 3. Franklin. 
4. Paine. 5. Hamilton. 6. Madison. 7. Brown. 
8. Irving. 9. Cooper. 10. Hawthorne. 11. Stowe. 
12. Taylor. 13. Hale. 14. Thoreau. 15. Curtis. 
16. Howells. 17. Cable. 18. Harte. 19. Emerson. 
20. James. 21. Alcott. (Poetry) 22. Hopkinson. 
23. Freneau. 24. Key. 25. Drake. 26. Halleck. 
27. Longfellow. 28. Bryant. 29. Emerson. 
30. Whittier. 31. Lowell. 32. Poe. 33, Howe. 
34. Holmes. (History) 35. Bancroft. 36. Prescott. 
37. Parkman. 38. Ewing. 39. Motley. 
40. McMaster. 41. Lea. 42. Fiske. 43. Kirk. 
(Invention) 44. Whitney. 45. Evans. 46. Fitch. 
47. Fulton. 48. Morse. 49. McCormick. 50. Howe. 
51. Goodyear. 52. Morton. 53. Hoe. 54. Field. 
55. Edison. 56. Bell. 57. Wright. (Art) 58. West. 
59. Copley. 60. Stuart. 61. Allston. 62. Trumbull. 
63. Cole. 64. Huntington. 65. Church. 66. Bier- 
stadt. 67. Greenough. 68. Crawford. 69. Powers. 
70. Rogers. 71. Story. (Science) 72. Rittenhouse. 
73. Godfrey. 74. Franklin. 75. The Bartrams. 
76. Audubon. 77. Wilson. 78. Agassiz. 79. Dana. 
80. Grey. 81. Morton. 82. Thompson. S3. Draper. 
84. Moose. 85. Henry. S6. Leidy. 87. Cope. 
(There are many others of note, those of recent date 
being too numerous to mention.) 



127 



VII. Suggestive Quotations 

1. "Now God be praised, I shall die in peace'* 
(Wolfe). 2. *'I shall not live to see the surrender 
of Quebec" (Montcalm). 3. ''Where is the land of 
the Indian?" (Complaint of the Indians after the 
F. and I. War). 4. ''If I am interrupted again I will 
make the sun shine through you in a minute" 
(Captain Wadsworth to Governor Fletcher). 
5. ** Every man's house is his castle" (Protest 
against "Writs of Assistance"). 6. "Taxation 
without Representation is Tyranny" (James Otis). 
7. "There must be one tax to keep up the right" 
(George III). 8. "We must all hang together or we 
shall all hang separately" (Franklin). 9. "I regret 
that I have but one life to give to my country" 
(Nathan Hale). 10. "Give me Liberty or give me 
Death ' ' (Patrick Henry) . 11." Millions for Defense, 
not one cent for Tribute" (Charles Pinckney). 
12. "First in War, First in Peace, and First in the 
Hearts of his Countrymen" (Henry Lee in eulogy 
of Washington). 13. " Proclaim Liberty throughout 
the Land to all the Inhabitants thereof" (Inscription 
on Liberty Bell). 14. "Don't fire till you see the 
whites of their eyes" (Prescott at Bunker Hill). 
15. "The King of England could read it without 
spectacles" (Hancock's signature to the Declaration 
of Independence). 16. "Don't tread on me" 
(motto on old rattlesnake flag). 17. "Don't give up 
the ship" (Captain Lawrence). 18. "We must 
beat them today, or Betty Stark is a widow" (Stark 

128 



at Bennington). 19. ''Caesar had his Brutus, 
Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Third 
may profit by their example" (Patrick Henry). 
20. "It is all over" (Lord North). 21. ''We are one 
nation today and thirteen tomorrow" (Washington, 
on lack of State union). 22. "Free trade and sailors' 
rights" (War-cry before 1812). 23. "We have met 
the enemy and they are ours" (Commodore Perry). 
24. "He touched the dead corpse of public credit 
and it sprang upon its feet" (Webster in eulogy of 
Hamilton). 25. "Liberty and Union, one and 
inseparable, now and forever" (Webster's reply to 
Hayne). 26. "What hath God wrought?" (Morse's 
first telegraph message). 27. "There is Jackson 
standing like a stone wall" (Incident at Bull Run 
that led to name of ' ' Stonewall ' ' Jackson) . 28. " We 
will hold the town until we starve" (Thomas at 
Chattanooga) . 29. " Contraband of War ' ' (Butler) . 

30. "A cheese box on a raft " (turret of the Monitor). 

31. "Era of Good Feeling" (Monroe's non-partisan 
administration). 32. "Father of his country" 
(Washington) . 33." Sage of Monticello ' ' (Jefferson) . 
34. "Old man eloquent" (J. Q. Adams). 35. "Old 
Hickory" (Jackson). 36. "Old Rough and Ready" 
(Taylor). 37. "Honest Old Abe," "Father Abra- 
ham ' ' (Lincoln) . 3S. '' Brother Jonathan ' ' (Jonathan 
Trumbull). 39. "Uncle Sam" (Samuel Wilson). 
40. "E Pluribus Unum" (one from many). 



129 



VIII. Suggestive Historical Dates 

1000 A. D. (Northmen at Vinland). 1492 
(Discovery of America). 1497 (Cabot discovers 
North America). 1541 (De Soto discovers the 
Mississippi). 1584 (Raleigh's first settlement). 
1607 (Jamestown founded). 1620 (The Pilgrims at 
Plymouth). 1623 (Dutch colony on Manhattan 
Island). 1628 (Salem settled). 1662 (English take 
New Amsterdam). 1682 (Philadelphia founded). 
1687 (Charter Oak). 1692 (Salem Witchcraft). 
1755 (Braddock's Defeat). 1759 (Quebec taken). 
1765 (Stamp Act). 1773 (Boston Tea party). 
1775 (Lexington). July 4, 1776 (Declaration of 
Independence). 1781 (Yorktown). 1787 (Consti- 
tution formed). 1803 (Louisiana Purchase). 1812 
(War with England). 1820 (Missouri Compromise). 
1823 (Monroe Doctrine). 1845 (Texas annexed). 
1846 (War with Mexico). 1848 (Gold found in 
California). 1850 (Compromise Bill). April, 1861 
(Fort Sumter). July, 1861 (Bull Run). March, 
1862 (First iron-clad battle). September, 1862 
(Emancipation proclaimed). July, 1863 (Gettys- 
burg). April 9, 1865 (Lee's surrender). April 
14, 1865 (Lincoln assassinated). 1876 (Centennial 
Exposition). 1881 (Assassination of President Gar- 
field). 1898 (War with Spain). 1901 (President 
McKinley assassinated). 1906 (San Francisco earth- 
quake). 1909 (Discovery of North Pole). 1914 
(Panama Canal finished). 

130 



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